genes + behaviour

Question 1

genotype is

Answer 1

the genetic makeup of individual

Question 2

phenotype is

Answer 2

the individuals observable characteristics

Question 3

behaviour genetics

Answer 3

determine how heredity and environmental factors influence psycholigical characteristics

Question 4

body chromosomes

Answer 4

each chromosome contains genes, segments of DNA, instruction to make proteins

• one choromosome of every pair from each parent
• each nucleus - 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
• human cells - nucleus
• body has 100 trillion cells

Question 5

adoption studies

Answer 5

If adopted people are similar to adopted parents = environmental contribution

If adopted people are similar to biological parents = genetic contribution

Question 6

twin studies

mono, and diz

Answer 6

Mono = one egg, one sperm
- zygote divides
- 2 zygotes with identical chromosomes
- identical twins

Dizygotic = two egg, two sperm
- 2 zygotes with different chromosomes
- fraternal twins

Question 7

twins traits, similar or different

Answer 7

similar = genetic
differences = environment

Question 8

measure trait similarity

Answer 8

concordence rates
- heritability statistics, degree phenotypes can be attributed to differing genes
- closer/higher concordance = more heritable

Question 9

learning process

Answer 9

a process of personal adaptation

Question 10

behaviourism

Answer 10

laws of learning that apply to all

Question 11

why do we learn?

Answer 11

Ethology - evolutionary differences between species
Adaptive significance - behaviour influences chances of survival and reproduction
Rats study - flavoured water, over generations, adaptive significance
Fixed action pattern - instinctive behaviour automatically triggered by a particular stimulus

Question 12

group variation on a psychological trait:

3 parts

Answer 12

1. genotype
2. shared environment
3. unshared environment

Question 13

shared vs unshared

Answer 13

shared - members experience many common features

unshared - experiences are unique

Question 14

ADAPTATION

species vs personal

Answer 14

S = influence from environment through natural selection

P = interations with immediate+past environments

Question 15

Twin methodology

A, C, E

Answer 15

a - adpative genetic variance
c - common shared environment
e - unique, unshared

monozygotic - 100% 1.0 same genetic material
dizygotic - 0.5 genetic material shared

Question 16

heritability of intelligence

Answer 16

more common genes= more similarity in IQ

environmental determinants - enrichment, deprivation

Question 17

personality OCEAN

Answer 17

openness to experience
conscientiousnes
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

Question 18

genotype based characteristics

Genes influence environment

Answer 18

• influence childs parent-produced environment
  –>eg higher IQ, more toys, opportunities
• evocative influence - childs genetic behaviours evoke responses from others
• self-selection of compatible environments - environments that agree with their interests

Question 19

environment influence gene expression

Answer 19

eg plants
height is heritable
-

Question 20

Genes vs environment

Answer 20

G - explain within group differences

E - between group

Question 21

epigenetics

Answer 21

changes in the gene expression
- independent of the DNA and caused by non-genetic factors (environ)

Question 22

sexual selection

Answer 22

driven by different levels of investment by males, females in offspring