learning

Question 2

Feature 1

change in behaviour

Answer 2

see results of learning in performance, attitudes

Question 3

learning vs performance

Answer 3

L = factor of performance

P = can be observed and measured

Question 4

feature 2

relatively consistent change

Answer 4

consistent over different circumstances

Question 5

feature 3

learning is a process based on experience

Answer 5

experience = taking in information and making responses that affect environment

learning occurs as a response, influenced by memory

Question 6

learning involves

Answer 6

experience and change of behaviour

Question 7

two types of learning

Answer 7

1. associative - classical, operant
2. non-associative - sensitisation, habituation

Question 8

Habituation

Answer 8

response to stimuli decrease with frequent presentation

decline in responding to repeated presentations of a stimulus

eg. busy roads while sleeping
stimuli are ignored

Question 9

Sensitisation

Answer 9

response to stimuli increases with frequent presentation

increased responsiveness

• with stronger stimuli
• short lived
  eg. weather sounds

Question 10

solomon and corbin

Opponent process theory

Answer 10

• with repeated presentation of stimulus, B-process grows
  A-state - at peak
  B-state - at trough —>
  Settles to form habituation

Question 11

Classical conditioning

Pavlov measured salivation on food present when bell rang

Answer 11

pairing and association of two stimuli

• neutral stimulus to be conditioned with unconditioned stimulus
• capable of eliciting unconditioned response to conditioned

Question 12

Associative learning

Answer 12

Conditional stimulus is neutral until paired with other

UCS Unconditioned stimulus = the meat
UCR Unconditioned response = salivation to the meat
CS Conditioned stimulus = the bell
CR Conditioned response = salivation to the bell

Question 13

Acquisition process

before conditioning

Answer 13

1. neutral stimulus (tone)
   no response
2. USC food
   UCR salivation

Question 14

During conditioning

Answer 14

neutral stimulus tone
+ UCS food + UCR salivation

Question 15

After conditioning

Answer 15

CS tone leads to CR salivation

Question 16

possibilities after conditioning

Answer 16

extinction - acquired behaviour fades over time, supressed
reconditioning - relearning is faster than original conditionig
spontaneous recovery - extinguished behaviour suddenly reappears

Question 17

Behaviourism

watson

Answer 17

shaping behaviour

• child see neutral stimulus rat, not fear
• loud noise, UCR of fear
• neutral stimulus rat with tone, gives fear
• rat gives fear

Question 18

Generalisation

Answer 18

CR may occur in response to similar stimuli

Question 19

garcia and keeling

consequence study

Answer 19

Fear condition
- rats exposed to electric shock when drink
- rats drink sweet water, not the water with shock

Illness condition
- rats exposed to x-rays when drink
- avoided sweet water

learned flavour of water and stimuli

Question 20

drug tolerance

Answer 20

B process grows with exposure, non-associative

Question 21

opponent process example

Answer 21

injected every time enter room
- A process = heroin
- B process grows to bring to homeostasis
- if more heroin, B process works harder and grows

B process conditioned

Question 22

associative learning in the form of

Answer 22

if…. then…

Question 23

Operant conditioning

instrumental

Answer 23

behaviour is controlled by consequences
- learn how behaviour affects the environment, environ affect behaviour

Question 24

thorndike

law of effect with cats

Answer 24

measure how long took cat to learn to escape

situation followed by pleasant consequence is strengthened

Question 25

Skinner

strength of behaviour is

Answer 25

likelihood that a behaviour will reoccur
- can be increased by consequences (reinforcement)
- can be weakened (punishment)

Question 26

categories of responses

1 aversive Punishment

POSITIVE

Answer 26

decrease in behaviour

• response behaviour occurs
• aversive stimulus presented
• response decreases

eg. sunburn

Question 27

responses

2 response cost

NEGATIVE

Answer 27

decrease in behaviour
- - response occurs
- stimulus removed
- response decreases

Question 28

responses

3 positive reinforcement

Answer 28

response occurs
stimulus is presented
response increases

eg. praise or food
rat presses lever, food, keeps pressing for food

Question 29

responses

4 negative reinforcement

Answer 29

offset of something leads to increase in behaviour

• response occurs
• aversive stimulus
• response increases

eg. panadol for a headache, more likely panadol next headache

Question 30

Skinner box

Answer 30

rat learns if press lever, then food

chain of learning

Question 31

behaviour is shaped:

Answer 31

depending on positive, negative, punishment, response cost

Question 32

reinforcers

primary and secondary

Answer 32

primary - food, water
secondary - money, praise

Question 33

reinforcement schedules

Answer 33

continuous - reinforce every correct response, fast learn fast extinction

partial - lead to different types of learning
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval

Question 34

fixed ratio

Answer 34

reinforce fixed number of correct responses

Question 35

fixed interval

Answer 35

reinforce at fixed time intervals

Question 36

variable ratio

Answer 36

reinforce unpredicted, changing number of correct responses

Question 37

variable interval

Answer 37

reinforce at unpredictable, changing time intervals

Question 38

partial reinforcement extinction effect

Answer 38

makes behaviour resistant to extinction

Question 39

choose reinforcement schedule based on:

Answer 39

• time behaviour needs to last
• time available for training