learning Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Feature 1

change in behaviour

A

see results of learning in performance, attitudes

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3
Q

learning vs performance

A

L = factor of performance

P = can be observed and measured

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4
Q

feature 2

relatively consistent change

A

consistent over different circumstances

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5
Q

feature 3

learning is a process based on experience

A

experience = taking in information and making responses that affect environment

learning occurs as a response, influenced by memory

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6
Q

learning involves

A

experience and change of behaviour

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7
Q

two types of learning

A
  1. associative - classical, operant
  2. non-associative - sensitisation, habituation
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8
Q

Habituation

A

response to stimuli decrease with frequent presentation

decline in responding to repeated presentations of a stimulus

eg. busy roads while sleeping
stimuli are ignored

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9
Q

Sensitisation

A

response to stimuli increases with frequent presentation

increased responsiveness

  • with stronger stimuli
  • short lived
    eg. weather sounds
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10
Q

solomon and corbin

Opponent process theory

A
  • with repeated presentation of stimulus, B-process grows
    A-state - at peak
    B-state - at trough —>
    Settles to form habituation
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11
Q

Classical conditioning

Pavlov measured salivation on food present when bell rang

A

pairing and association of two stimuli

  • neutral stimulus to be conditioned with unconditioned stimulus
  • capable of eliciting unconditioned response to conditioned
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12
Q

Associative learning

A

Conditional stimulus is neutral until paired with other

UCS Unconditioned stimulus = the meat
UCR Unconditioned response = salivation to the meat
CS Conditioned stimulus = the bell
CR Conditioned response = salivation to the bell

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13
Q

Acquisition process

before conditioning

A
  1. neutral stimulus (tone)
    no response
  2. USC food
    UCR salivation
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14
Q

During conditioning

A

neutral stimulus tone
+ UCS food + UCR salivation

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15
Q

After conditioning

A

CS tone leads to CR salivation

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16
Q

possibilities after conditioning

A

extinction - acquired behaviour fades over time, supressed
reconditioning - relearning is faster than original conditionig
spontaneous recovery - extinguished behaviour suddenly reappears

17
Q

Behaviourism

watson

A

shaping behaviour

  • child see neutral stimulus rat, not fear
  • loud noise, UCR of fear
  • neutral stimulus rat with tone, gives fear
  • rat gives fear
18
Q

Generalisation

A

CR may occur in response to similar stimuli

19
Q

garcia and keeling

consequence study

A

Fear condition
- rats exposed to electric shock when drink
- rats drink sweet water, not the water with shock

Illness condition
- rats exposed to x-rays when drink
- avoided sweet water

learned flavour of water and stimuli

20
Q

drug tolerance

A

B process grows with exposure, non-associative

21
Q

opponent process example

A

injected every time enter room
- A process = heroin
- B process grows to bring to homeostasis
- if more heroin, B process works harder and grows

B process conditioned

22
Q

associative learning in the form of

A

if…. then…

23
Q

Operant conditioning

instrumental

A

behaviour is controlled by consequences
- learn how behaviour affects the environment, environ affect behaviour

24
Q

thorndike

law of effect with cats

A

measure how long took cat to learn to escape

situation followed by pleasant consequence is strengthened

25
# Skinner strength of behaviour is
likelihood that a behaviour will reoccur - can be increased by consequences (reinforcement) - can be weakened (punishment)
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# categories of responses 1 aversive Punishment | POSITIVE
decrease in behaviour - response behaviour occurs - aversive stimulus presented - response decreases | eg. sunburn
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# responses 2 response cost | NEGATIVE
decrease in behaviour - - response occurs - stimulus removed - response decreases
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# responses 3 positive reinforcement
response occurs stimulus is presented response increases eg. praise or food rat presses lever, food, keeps pressing for food
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# responses 4 negative reinforcement
offset of something leads to increase in behaviour - response occurs - aversive stimulus - response increases eg. panadol for a headache, more likely panadol next headache
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Skinner box
rat learns **if** press lever, **then** food | chain of learning
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behaviour is shaped:
depending on positive, negative, punishment, response cost
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reinforcers | primary and secondary
primary - food, water secondary - money, praise
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reinforcement schedules
**continuous** - reinforce every correct response, fast learn fast extinction **partial** - lead to different types of learning - fixed ratio - variable ratio - fixed interval - variable interval
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fixed ratio
reinforce fixed number of correct responses
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fixed interval
reinforce at fixed time intervals
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variable ratio
reinforce unpredicted, changing number of correct responses
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variable interval
reinforce at unpredictable, changing time intervals
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partial reinforcement extinction effect
makes behaviour resistant to extinction
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choose reinforcement schedule based on:
- time behaviour needs to last - time available for training