learning Flashcards
Feature 1
change in behaviour
see results of learning in performance, attitudes
learning vs performance
L = factor of performance
P = can be observed and measured
feature 2
relatively consistent change
consistent over different circumstances
feature 3
learning is a process based on experience
experience = taking in information and making responses that affect environment
learning occurs as a response, influenced by memory
learning involves
experience and change of behaviour
two types of learning
- associative - classical, operant
- non-associative - sensitisation, habituation
Habituation
response to stimuli decrease with frequent presentation
decline in responding to repeated presentations of a stimulus
eg. busy roads while sleeping
stimuli are ignored
Sensitisation
response to stimuli increases with frequent presentation
increased responsiveness
- with stronger stimuli
- short lived
eg. weather sounds
solomon and corbin
Opponent process theory
- with repeated presentation of stimulus, B-process grows
A-state - at peak
B-state - at trough —>
Settles to form habituation
Classical conditioning
Pavlov measured salivation on food present when bell rang
pairing and association of two stimuli
- neutral stimulus to be conditioned with unconditioned stimulus
- capable of eliciting unconditioned response to conditioned
Associative learning
Conditional stimulus is neutral until paired with other
UCS Unconditioned stimulus = the meat
UCR Unconditioned response = salivation to the meat
CS Conditioned stimulus = the bell
CR Conditioned response = salivation to the bell
Acquisition process
before conditioning
- neutral stimulus (tone)
no response - USC food
UCR salivation
During conditioning
neutral stimulus tone
+ UCS food + UCR salivation
After conditioning
CS tone leads to CR salivation
possibilities after conditioning
extinction - acquired behaviour fades over time, supressed
reconditioning - relearning is faster than original conditionig
spontaneous recovery - extinguished behaviour suddenly reappears
Behaviourism
watson
shaping behaviour
- child see neutral stimulus rat, not fear
- loud noise, UCR of fear
- neutral stimulus rat with tone, gives fear
- rat gives fear
Generalisation
CR may occur in response to similar stimuli
garcia and keeling
consequence study
Fear condition
- rats exposed to electric shock when drink
- rats drink sweet water, not the water with shock
Illness condition
- rats exposed to x-rays when drink
- avoided sweet water
learned flavour of water and stimuli
drug tolerance
B process grows with exposure, non-associative
opponent process example
injected every time enter room
- A process = heroin
- B process grows to bring to homeostasis
- if more heroin, B process works harder and grows
B process conditioned
associative learning in the form of
if…. then…
Operant conditioning
instrumental
behaviour is controlled by consequences
- learn how behaviour affects the environment, environ affect behaviour
thorndike
law of effect with cats
measure how long took cat to learn to escape
situation followed by pleasant consequence is strengthened
Skinner
strength of behaviour is
likelihood that a behaviour will reoccur
- can be increased by consequences (reinforcement)
- can be weakened (punishment)
categories of responses
1 aversive Punishment
POSITIVE
decrease in behaviour
- response behaviour occurs
- aversive stimulus presented
- response decreases
eg. sunburn
responses
2 response cost
NEGATIVE
decrease in behaviour
- - response occurs
- stimulus removed
- response decreases
responses
3 positive reinforcement
response occurs
stimulus is presented
response increases
eg. praise or food
rat presses lever, food, keeps pressing for food
responses
4 negative reinforcement
offset of something leads to increase in behaviour
- response occurs
- aversive stimulus
- response increases
eg. panadol for a headache, more likely panadol next headache
Skinner box
rat learns if press lever, then food
chain of learning
behaviour is shaped:
depending on positive, negative, punishment, response cost
reinforcers
primary and secondary
primary - food, water
secondary - money, praise
reinforcement schedules
continuous - reinforce every correct response, fast learn fast extinction
partial - lead to different types of learning
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
fixed ratio
reinforce fixed number of correct responses
fixed interval
reinforce at fixed time intervals
variable ratio
reinforce unpredicted, changing number of correct responses
variable interval
reinforce at unpredictable, changing time intervals
partial reinforcement extinction effect
makes behaviour resistant to extinction
choose reinforcement schedule based on:
- time behaviour needs to last
- time available for training
