motivation + emotion Flashcards
motivation
a process that influences goal directed behaviour:
- direction
- persistence
- vigour
PERSPECTIVES ON MOTIVATION
1 evolutionary
instincts
- inherited, automatic fixed action pattern
- genes
2 biological
homeostasis - maintain internal physiological equilibrium
- requires:
- sensory mechanism
- response system
- control centre
motivate to reduce deficits and restore homeostasis
eg. lack of water - drink
3 brain and learning
BAS, BIS
BAS - behavioural activation system
- active by signals potential reward, gratification of needs
- produces movement towards positive goals
BIS - behavioural inhibition system
- activated by signals of potential non-reinforcement, punishment
- produces fear, avoidance
BAS left prefrontal cortex
reward relevant input stimulates BAS
results in desire, anticipation, approach behaviour
BIS - right prefrontal, subcortical
punishment relevant input stimulates BIS
aversion, anticipation of pain, avoidance and inhibition
Cognitive/environmental
sociocultural
incentives - environ factors pull towards goal
cognitive:
- extrinsic motivation (reward)
- intrinsic (own sake)
Psychodynamic
unconscious motives
not always aware
Humanistic
maslows hierarchy
self-determination
M - needs for growth
progress upwards as lower needs are satisfied
D - Competence (capable), autonomy (free choice), relatedness (form bonds)
Eating behaviour
physiology
signals start + end meal
- stomach contractions
- chemical signs
brain mechanisms for appetite
hypothalamus
PVN paraventricular nucleus - neurons with receptors for neurotransmitters that stimulate/reduce appetite
emotions definition
+ what do they do?
= feeling states that involve cognitive, behavioural reactions
motivate our adaptive behaviour
the 4 features of emotional states
0 eliciting stimuli - internal or external
1 cognitive appraisal - meaning/significance
2 physiological responses - change in arousal
3 instrumental behaviours - response to stimuli
4 expressive behaviours - visible behaviour, response
0 eliciting stimuli
internal or external
- emotions are response to situations, people
- innate biological factors
- learning is previous experience
1 cognitive appraisal
meanings we attach to stimuli
this changes the emotions felt
- can be re-appraised
2 physiological responses
- sensory stimuli activates thalamus
- visual processing
- amygdala - behavioural response
the 5 physiological steps of response
- sensory input
- activation of emotions (unconscious)
- sensory impulse to neocortex for cognitive processing
- controls physiological and behavioural components of emotional responses
- activation of emotions by cognitive processes (conscious)
physiological responses
autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
sympathetic branch of ANS
- prepare the body for action
parasympathetic branch
- contracts sympathetic and maintains body equilibrium
- when threat has passed, parasympathetic takes over
sympathetic - pupils dilate, heartbeat accelerates, contracts vessels
parasympathetic - contracts pupils, slows, dilates
3 expressive behaviour
clue about which emotion is being experienced
4 instrumental behaviours
emotions evoke action to deal with situation that evoked the emotion
the 5 basic emotions
- happiness
- sadness
- disgust
- surprise
- fear
- anger
theories of emotion
- james lange somatic theory = arousal–>emotion
- cannon bard theory = arousal + emotion
- cognitive affective theories = arousal + cognitive label –> emotion
1.
James lange somatic theory
emotions as subjective experience generated from body reactions
registered by bodily reactions
eliciting stimulus –> automantic arousal behavioural responses –> conscious emotion (eg fear)
2.
cannon-bard theory
both subjective experinces and physiological arousal are independent response to emotion arousing situation
eliciting stimulus –> subcortical activity (thalamus)
this leads to:
- autonomic arousal
- conscious emotion
3.
cognitive affective theories
2 factor
intensity of physiological arousal tells us how strongly we feel
- situational cues and appraisal
- given cognitive label - eg ‘that is a scary bear’, emotion - fear
cognitive attributions
attribution of physiological states is important to determining emotional reactions
- critical to shaping emotional experience
- interpretation of situation/event
Sadness
a negative emotion
assimilation - internal structures on external world
accomodation - internal structures in accordance with environment
