motivation + emotion

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

a process that influences goal directed behaviour:
- direction
- persistence
- vigour

Question 2

PERSPECTIVES ON MOTIVATION

1 evolutionary

Answer 2

instincts
- inherited, automatic fixed action pattern
- genes

Question 3

2 biological

Answer 3

homeostasis - maintain internal physiological equilibrium
- requires:
- sensory mechanism
- response system
- control centre

motivate to reduce deficits and restore homeostasis
eg. lack of water - drink

Question 4

3 brain and learning

BAS, BIS

Answer 4

BAS - behavioural activation system
- active by signals potential reward, gratification of needs
- produces movement towards positive goals

BIS - behavioural inhibition system
- activated by signals of potential non-reinforcement, punishment
- produces fear, avoidance

Question 5

BAS left prefrontal cortex

Answer 5

reward relevant input stimulates BAS

results in desire, anticipation, approach behaviour

Question 6

BIS - right prefrontal, subcortical

Answer 6

punishment relevant input stimulates BIS

aversion, anticipation of pain, avoidance and inhibition

Question 7

Cognitive/environmental
sociocultural

Answer 7

incentives - environ factors pull towards goal
cognitive:
- extrinsic motivation (reward)
- intrinsic (own sake)

Question 8

Psychodynamic

Answer 8

unconscious motives
not always aware

Question 9

Humanistic

maslows hierarchy
self-determination

Answer 9

M - needs for growth
progress upwards as lower needs are satisfied

D - Competence (capable), autonomy (free choice), relatedness (form bonds)

Question 10

Eating behaviour

physiology

Answer 10

signals start + end meal
- stomach contractions
- chemical signs

Question 11

brain mechanisms for appetite

Answer 11

hypothalamus
PVN paraventricular nucleus - neurons with receptors for neurotransmitters that stimulate/reduce appetite

Question 12

emotions definition

+ what do they do?

Answer 12

= feeling states that involve cognitive, behavioural reactions

motivate our adaptive behaviour

Question 13

the 4 features of emotional states

Answer 13

0 eliciting stimuli - internal or external
1 cognitive appraisal - meaning/significance
2 physiological responses - change in arousal
3 instrumental behaviours - response to stimuli
4 expressive behaviours - visible behaviour, response

Question 14

0 eliciting stimuli

Answer 14

internal or external
- emotions are response to situations, people
- innate biological factors
- learning is previous experience

Question 15

1 cognitive appraisal

Answer 15

meanings we attach to stimuli
this changes the emotions felt
- can be re-appraised

Question 16

2 physiological responses

Answer 16

• sensory stimuli activates thalamus
• visual processing
• amygdala - behavioural response

Question 17

the 5 physiological steps of response

Answer 17

1. sensory input
2. activation of emotions (unconscious)
3. sensory impulse to neocortex for cognitive processing
4. controls physiological and behavioural components of emotional responses
5. activation of emotions by cognitive processes (conscious)

Question 18

physiological responses

autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

Answer 18

sympathetic branch of ANS
- prepare the body for action

parasympathetic branch
- contracts sympathetic and maintains body equilibrium
- when threat has passed, parasympathetic takes over

sympathetic - pupils dilate, heartbeat accelerates, contracts vessels

parasympathetic - contracts pupils, slows, dilates

Question 19

3 expressive behaviour

Answer 19

clue about which emotion is being experienced

Question 20

4 instrumental behaviours

Answer 20

emotions evoke action to deal with situation that evoked the emotion

Question 21

the 5 basic emotions

Answer 21

• happiness
• sadness
• disgust
• surprise
• fear
• anger

Question 22

theories of emotion

Answer 22

1. james lange somatic theory = arousal–>emotion
2. cannon bard theory = arousal + emotion
3. cognitive affective theories = arousal + cognitive label –> emotion

Question 23

1.

James lange somatic theory

Answer 23

emotions as subjective experience generated from body reactions
registered by bodily reactions

eliciting stimulus –> automantic arousal behavioural responses –> conscious emotion (eg fear)

Question 24

2.

cannon-bard theory

Answer 24

both subjective experinces and physiological arousal are independent response to emotion arousing situation

eliciting stimulus –> subcortical activity (thalamus)

this leads to:
- autonomic arousal
- conscious emotion

Question 25

3.

cognitive affective theories

2 factor

Answer 25

intensity of physiological arousal tells us how strongly we feel
- situational cues and appraisal
- given cognitive label - eg ‘that is a scary bear’, emotion - fear

Question 26

cognitive attributions

Answer 26

attribution of physiological states is important to determining emotional reactions

• critical to shaping emotional experience
• interpretation of situation/event

Question 27

Sadness

a negative emotion

Answer 27

assimilation - internal structures on external world

accomodation - internal structures in accordance with environment