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Cog Psych > perception > Flashcards

perception Flashcards

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1
Q

perception

A
  • interpreting/understanding/putting signals into context
  • cues do not differ from different senses and their cues
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2
Q

_____ take in neurotransmitters and leave from ______

A

dendrites, axons

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3
Q

order the eyes structure from front to back

A

cornea, iris, pupil, lens, fovea, retina, optic nerve

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4
Q

define cornea, iris, lens, and retina

A
  • cornea: clear covering to the eye
  • iris: ring of muscles controlling how much light gets in
  • lens: w/cornea, focuses light on back of the eye
  • retina: where sensing takes place, photosensitive membrane at the back of the eye where transduction takes place
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5
Q

Define fovea and optic nerve

A
  • fovea: point of highest visual acuity, centre of retina, focal point (surrounding is blurry)
  • optic nerve: takes visual info to the brain
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6
Q

The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye is known as the ______

A

blind spot

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7
Q

changing of physical stimulus into neural energy/electrical signal

A

transduction

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8
Q

where does transduction take place in the eye

A

two places in the retina:
- rods: bright/dim, sensitive to light but poor acuity
- cones: colour, low sensitivity to light, high acuity, diff types respond to diff colours

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9
Q

why do eyes constantly move

A

because photoreceptors need replenishing/to reset constantly

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10
Q

perfectly functioning eyes but damage to one of the occipital lobes results in _______

A
  • blindsight
  • due to multiple paths for visual info, they can guess the right answer unconsciously
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11
Q

Distal vs proximal stimulus

A

Distal: stimulus out in the world, 3D object
Proximal: stimulus on the sense organ, 2D representation on the retina

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12
Q

examples of binocular cues

A
  • convergence (focused on a point close to the eyes, gives idea of distance, eyes converge and lens accommodate when objects are close)
  • Binocular disparity: slightly different view angles of the world projected, shows sense of how far your retinas are, gives idea of depth
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13
Q

t or f: the brain uses info from both eyes (binocular cues) and not properties from the proximal stimulus (monocular cues) to make inferences about depth of distal stimulus

A

false, the brain uses both together

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14
Q

what do monocular cues do and what are they based on

A
  • based on info from one retina
  • makes inferences on size/distance
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15
Q

Monocular cue: Perspective

A
  • lines converge at a distance
  • ex. train tracks disappearing in distance/two lines looking different sizes bc of track size or arrow pointing to or away
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16
Q

Monocular cue: Relative size

A

bigger things tend to be closer

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17
Q

Monocular cue: Interposition

A
  • closer objects obscure/overlap distant ones
  • front is closer
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18
Q

Monocular cue: Motion parallax

A
  • close= quick, far=slow
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19
Q

Monocular cue: Texture gradient

A
  • less detailed=farther away
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20
Q

Monocular cue: Ariel perspective

A
  • farther something is, the more of a haze to it (often blueish)
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21
Q

Monocular cue: shading

A
  • shadows/shading shows cues about depth/gives illusion of height
22
Q

Monocular cue: Light and shadow

A
  • light source us assumes to come from above
  • faces are assumed to be convex
23
Q

Your knowledge of the world and matching info with what you already know is described as ______

A

object perception

24
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A
  • assumptions made in order to process info
  • how we segregate and group visual info
  • ‘The whole is more than the sum of the parts’ - interpretation is key
25
Q

Gestalt principals: Law of proximity

A
  • group things together the closer they are
26
Q

Gestalt principals: Law of similarity

A
  • group things together based on visually similar stimuli
27
Q

Gestalt principals: Law of good continuation

A
  • how you extract parts of an object even if the object is covered/disrubted
28
Q

Gestalt principals: Law of closure

A
  • illusory contours
  • inferences made due to seeing an image
  • implying contour
  • seeing a shape/picture based on lines/surrounding shapes/lines
29
Q

Gestalt principals: Law of common fate

A
  • different small sections are seen as part of object bc they move similarly (speed, pattern, etc)
  • ex bird flocks
30
Q

Gestalt principals: Law of pragnanz/simplicity

A
  • organizing visual display should be as simple, stable, and consistent as possible
  • interoperate the world as simple
  • gravitate towards simple explanations
  • ignore hard things
31
Q

Bi/monocular cues are innate assumptions about _______

A

3D objects

32
Q

Bottom up Theories vs top-down theories

A

bottom up: decision based on info coming in, data-driven (external stimuli>sensory info>perception)
top down: use knowledge/context when info comes in to understand/process, conceptually driven (world knowledge>expectations and biases>perception)

33
Q

Template theory

A
  • objects have templates that you compare current images to, you have a copy of everything you’ve encountered and match it when you reencounter it
  • object must be: same size and position as template
  • no room for variety, 1:1 match (even though same thing can have different interpretations
34
Q

Feature theory

A
  • more flexible
  • certain neurons respond to features
  • recognize object by searching memory for objects with those features
  • analyses objects as combo of elemental features
  • Findings by Hubel and Weisel showing we have cortical cells that react to specific features
35
Q

For feature theory, how do feature detectors work

A
  • order: word detector, letter detector, feature detector
  • neurons feed into other neurons until they combine to form info (building blocks)
36
Q

How did Selfridge adapt the feature theory in an easy to understand way

A
  • Pandemonium (how info gets from outside world to your head for processing)
  • Uses ‘demons’ who shout at different volumes
  • order: data, feature, cognitive, decision demons
37
Q

t or f: exaggerated facial features lead to faster recognition

A

true

38
Q

Prototype theories

A
  • overall representation of new and old info line up
  • a prototype is the one ‘ideal’ for a category, takes all interpretations and makes the average
  • room for variety
  • perceive object by comparing it to stored prototypes
  • may not differentiate different items within a category (ie. cat breeds)
39
Q

bi stable images

A
  • you either interoperate it one way or the other (never both at once)
40
Q

What is a modified version of feature theory

A

-Object centred theories
- representations one has is based on the object itself
- features are 3D and more complex
- feature positions relative to other features

41
Q

Who was a key player in object centred theory and what did they study

A
  • Biederman
  • Recognition by components
  • every object is build up of 3D ‘geons’
  • if you recognize components, you recognize the object
42
Q

t or f: according to Biederman’s research on object centred theory, it is easier to recognize objects when parts are missing rather than line segments

A

no, line segments removed rather than parts missing

43
Q

What is the modified template theory and what does it say

A
  • Viewer centred theory
  • info based on incoming processing
  • every experience with an object is stored until you use it later
  • multiple snapshots of objects stored
44
Q

t or f: you can match new incoming stimuli to make a new angle of an object according to viewer centred theory

A

true

45
Q

What is the theory of being able to rotate stimulus to match with previous exposure and who thought of it

A
  • Tarr
  • Multiple view theory
  • under viewer centred theory
46
Q

t or f: research by Tarr and Gauthier show that multiple views of the same object learned are stored together

A

false, the different views are stored separately

47
Q

when talking about multiple view theory, does one:

a) Have a 3D map of all objects from their previous perceptions
or
b) Take a snapshot of the object and do the 3D transformations in their head

A

b)

48
Q

Thomas Bayesian’s Theory of Object Recognition

A
  • make assumptions based on priors
  • probability not absolutes
  • (generative model) incoming stimuli> break down into features)>priors>(recognition model) belief abt features>belief abt objects
49
Q

what are priors (bayesian)

A
  • expectations for what youre seeing
  • gets modified by experience
50
Q

What is change blindness

A
  • when people do not notice changes in environment bc attention was not directed there
51
Q

flicker paradigm

A
  • gone or there, easy to spot difference
52
Q

name the gestalt principals

A
  • law of proximity
  • law of good continuation
  • law of similarity
  • law of closure
  • law of common fate
  • law of simplicity

Cog Psych (10 decks)

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