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Cog Psych > intro > Flashcards

intro Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we acquire knowledge

A

Sensation, perception, attention. (Filters, multitasking etc.)

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2
Q

How do we store knowledge

A

Memory (knowledge/expertise)

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3
Q

How do we use knowledge

A

Reasoning, problem solving, decision making, language (take the knowledge from the world and create something w/ it)

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4
Q

What QS cog psych and what does it look@

A

How your brain works and how you think, looks @ behavior and making inferences

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5
Q

Donders found that presenting a ____ causes a _____ response which leads to a ______ response.

A

stimulus, mental, behavioural

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6
Q

Order these for history of psychology:
Behaviorism, cognitive psychology, introspection, philosophy

A

Philosophy, introspection, behaviorism, cog psych

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7
Q

Nativism

A

You’re born w/ knowledge (Plato)

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8
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge is learned (aristotle)
It stems from experience
Studied w/ experimentation and observation

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9
Q

Who was the first to perform a cog psych experiment and what did it look like

A

Donders
Demonstrated mental processes are not instantaneous
Measured people’s reaction time
1. light goes on, they press button
2. 2 lights and two buttons
3. Compared both reaction times using subtraction method

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10
Q

Introspection

A
  • breaking down experiments by asking questions
  • raised questions of structuralism and functionalism
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11
Q

Structuralism

A
  • wants to organize info into basic elements
  • Wilhelm Wunt (periodic table of consciousness)
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12
Q

Functionalism

A
  • everything is to help you adapt and survive
  • William James
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13
Q

What did Wilhelm Wunt embrace

A
  • Structuralism
  • Wanted to explain conscious processes and experience and organize into elements
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14
Q

What did William James embrace

A
  • Functionalism
  • Wanted to know how the mind functions and adapts to new circumstances
  • Wrote books on how thinking process occurs
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15
Q

What are problems with introspection

A
  • you cant test a theory with subjective observations
  • People dont always know what theyre thinking
  • biases
  • things occur so fast they cannot be reported
  • subconscious thinking
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16
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • links psych to hard sciences
  • focus: what happens in the environment and how people react to it
    -no guessing, hard evidence only
  • experimentation
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17
Q

what approach is focused on observable, quantifiable behaviour and NOT thoughts, the mind and consciousness

A

behaviourism

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18
Q

Famous people for behaviourism

A
  • John B Watson: only behaviour is objectively observable
  • BF Skinner: watson’s student, explain behaviour by breaking down extreme connections into simpler ones, saw behaviourism as philosophy of psych, describes relationships of patterns of reinforcement and behaviour
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19
Q

What approach believed that all behaviour could be broken down into simple lawful relationships between stimulus and response

A

behaviourism

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20
Q

which approach believed everyone started off with a blank slate (Tabula Rasa) and could be trained to do anything

A

Behaviourism

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21
Q

what is the downfall of behaviourism

A
  • conditioning doesnt explain everything, as some form unpredicted association (ex: animals create links between stimuli and rewards)
  • Language, its generative and is not just copying (not following stimuli-response-reward notions)
  • Real world problems (ex pilots being overwhelmed by information
22
Q

What did Newell and Simon compare humans to

A
  • Computers
  • A know wide used metaphor for whats going on inside the mind
23
Q

Building on Newell and Simon, Chomsky discussed ____ as inherited rule governed system

A

language (theory of processing accounts for language acquisition)

24
Q

Off Chomsky and Newell and simon, who presented work on short term memory?

A
  • Miller
  • Limited number of resources dedicated to different processes and using many at once is not effective, limited for how much can be stored and processed
25
Q

What do cognitive psychologists often compare the human mind to and why

A
  • Computers
  • can take in info, hold it and do something with it
  • uses info to make inferences
  • both are seen as info-processing systems
26
Q

Computer metaphor infers mental ____ and ______

A
  • representations (stored info)
  • process (a ‘program’ that takes info as input and transforms it as output)
27
Q

_____ is what is being worked on and _____ is what is doing the work

process, representations

A
  • representations, process
28
Q
A
29
Q

Goal of correlational and experimental methods

A

Correlational: predict one variable based on another
Experimental: changes in one variable causes changes in another

30
Q

Experiments involve __________ but correlational studies do not

A

Random assignment

31
Q

Independent vs dependent variable

A

Independent: what the experimenter manipulates (condition)
Dependent: what the experimenter measures, depends on independent variable

32
Q

Confounding variable

A

Correlates W/ independent variable, possible 3rd variable causing results

33
Q

When you change the study to account for confounding variables, its called the ___________

A

Control variable, a potential confound that you were able to spot

34
Q

Order the lobes from anterior to posterior

A

Frontal, temporal/parietal, occipital

35
Q

T or f: there is a brief reset period before a neuron is ready for new stimuli’s

A

True

36
Q

Low intensity = _________ and high intensity =_______
(neuron firing speed)

A

Slow firing, fast firing

37
Q

T or f: Neuron firing speed is based on size

A

False, based on intensity by rate. ( ie Louder/brighter/more intense)

38
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between neurons, makes a easier or harder to pass on, allows firing between neurons to be amplified or decreased depending on neurotransmitters

39
Q

Neurotransmitters: _________ increases chance neuron will fire and _________ decreases chance of neuron firing

A

Excitatory, inhibitory

40
Q

Synaptic fluency

A

Makes transmission more smooth (ex practicing)

41
Q

Dorsal vs ventral parts of brain

A

Dorsal = top, Ventral = bottom

42
Q

Two key principals of cortical functioning

A

Contralateral (stimuli on right side of body is processed on left side of the brain + vise versa)
Hemispheric specialization (structurally but not functionally symmetrical, if not separated by severed corpus coliseum, there is scattered processing)

43
Q

How do photoreceptors process images in relation to contralateral processing

A

They split up, half to one side and half to the other, depends on what’s in the outside world not an anatomy

44
Q

What processing occurs in the four lobes

A

Frontal: reasoning, planning, emotion (nervousness)
Parietal: perception of touch, pressure, temp, pain ( sensory of skin/tongue)
Temporal: hearing and ‘memory’ (identify stuff visually/auditorily)
Occipital: vision

45
Q

Methods for localizing brain functions

A
  • lesions (trauma, disease, stroke, psychosurgery, incomplete and correlational)
  • Electrical Recording (Single cell recording [narrow approach], ERP [hard to localize signals])
  • Imaging (fMRI, PET, TMS)
46
Q

what scan can help with epileptic seizures

A

Electrical Recording: Single cell, looks at rate of neuronal firing in response to stimulus

47
Q

ERP

A
  • Event related potential
  • Electrical activity recorded with sensors across entire scalp
  • activity recorded in response to stimuli over many presentations
  • results in event related potential
48
Q

PET

A
  • Spatially good, temporally bad
  • Indirect measure of neural events
  • measures cerebral blood flow (correlated w/ neural activity by injecting radioactive oxygen that concentrates in areas that consume more blood
49
Q

fMRI

A
  • indirect measure of neural events
  • measures cerebral blood flow
  • more oxygen=more blood flow=area is used more
  • machine measures ratio to indicate areas of greatest oxygen use
  • Spatially good, temporally bad (worse than PET)
50
Q

t or f: oxygenated and deoxygenated blood have the same magnetic properties

A

false

51
Q

TMS

A
  • transcranial magnetic stimulation
  • magnetic pulse from magnets causing temporary lesions to brain and stops function that the region of the cortex is for (axons in the area reset)
  • all neurons have action potential at the same time
  • only works on surface

Cog Psych (10 decks)

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