LTM: encoding/retrieval

Question 1

encoding and retrieving info

Answer 1

encoding: adding info to memory
Retrieval: finding target info in memory
- the two usually interact

Question 2

encoding elboration

Answer 2

• elaboration is more effective when elaborated info adds/supports meaning of target info

Question 3

t or f: all elaborations help integrate info with prior knowledge

Answer 3

false, meaning elaborations help

Question 4

t or f: organization of words improves memory

Answer 4

true

Question 5

schema

Answer 5

• organized unit of knowledge
• typical expectations abt situations, events, ppl, etc
• used to infer details

Question 6

t or f: memories distort schemas to fit expectations

Answer 6

false, schemas distort memories

Question 7

concepts surrounding memory and studying

Answer 7

• spacing effect: how you space out studying info (better to have more space than to cram)
• context effects: recall info best when in same enviro you learned them in
• encoding specificity effect: successful retrieval=encoding+cues match
• state dependant learning: material learned intoxicated better remembered when intoxicated (sober is better)

Question 8

levels of processing and problems

Answer 8

• shallow: physical features
• deep: meaning
• problems: circular reasoning (deep encoding makes greater memory, encoding is deep bc of better memory)

Question 9

TAP (processing)

Answer 9

• transfer appropriate processing
• at encoding: varied by depth (rhyming (shallow) vs sentence frame (deep))
• at retrieval, used rhymes as retrieval cues (rhyme as: retrieval cue/shallow vs recognition/deep)

Question 10

t or f: shallower encoding makes worse recall

Answer 10

false, better

Question 11

consolidation of memory

Answer 11

• how you make info stay so you can later recall it
• happens at two levels, synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation

Question 12

synaptic consolidation

Answer 12

• experience effects reup
• repeated experiences change at synaptic levels, quick (minutes)

Question 13

systems consolidation overview

Answer 13

• long term, gradual changes (days/months/years)
• repeated retrievals change organization of neural circuits that represent memories

Question 14

systems consolidation explain detail

Answer 14

• hippocampus is main driver in activating/reactivating events, but after a while connection between areas in cortex become stronger and independent of hippocampus

Question 15

t or f: when memory is retrieved, it is vulnerable to change

Answer 15

true, every time you recall a memory you reconsolidate it/refresh it and add extra layers

Question 16

what two processes are referred to as consolidation

Answer 16

• consolidation: changes initial encoded memory into permanent memory
• reconsolidation: restore a memory to more permanent form after being retrieved

Question 17

hypoxia

Answer 17

• hypocampus cells die first
• low oxygen to brain
• most common damage to hypocampus

Question 18

sleep and consolidation

Answer 18

• not fully understood
• in rats: same areas of brain used to navigate maps reactivated during sleep
• slow wave activity during sleep (more in young adults than oldies)

Question 19

when does the largest amount of synaptic connections occur

Answer 19

during sleep

Question 20

for memory young adults relied more on the _______ whereas older adults on the _____

Answer 20

prefrontal cortex, hypocampus
- the way you retrieve info may change w age

Question 21

t or f: how you receive info based on an event does not effect your memory of the event

Answer 21

false, it can change memory due to vulnerability to suggestion

Question 22

False memory

Answer 22

• DRM paradigm ( a theme word is never said but ppl remember seeing it)

Question 23

misinformation effect

Answer 23

• probabilistic is not always reconsolidating automatically

Question 24

how do shemas effect memory retrieval

Answer 24

• expected sequence of events

Question 25

eyewitness testimony and memory

Answer 25

• unreliable
• vulnerable to change/suggestion
• high confidence rates
• reasons: weak encoding (limited exposure, bad lighting), selective encoding (weapon focus, what mind is focused on), distortion during storage (source amnesia/misattribution, what happened vs what someone else said happened)

Question 26

source misattribution/source amnesia

Answer 26

• confusing or forgetting encoding context
• remember info but not where its from