Knowledge Flashcards
1
Q
Category definition + example
A
- Class of thing that share a similarity
- how you organize concepts
- what is what, match incoming info
2
Q
Concept def
A
- Mental rep of an object, event, or pattern
- decreases amount of info needing to be learned
- allows us to make predictions
- content of thinking/thoughts
3
Q
Definitional approach (theory of categorization)
A
- Form concepts by finding necessary/defining features
- figure out defining features, if has said features it belongs
- if it meets definition it belongs
- cons: have rigid boundaries (all or none, similar to template theory), acts as a good start point but hard to adapt, some times defining features are had to come up with, sometimes things don’t fit definition fully but are in the concept, not all members are equally good examples, disagreements on members in category
4
Q
Probabilistic theories (2)
A
- Prototype theory
- exemplar theory
5
Q
Prototype theory/view
A
- Idealized representation
- use prototype to make inferences
- prototype= average of experiences (only thing held onto in brain)
- items can be either low-prototypical (less likely to think of) or high-prototypical (more likely to be thought of)
- some examples are ‘better’ or recalled faster
6
Q
Typicality effects
A
- Separated into two categories: typical (faster/easier recall) and atypical (slower/harder recall, further from prototype, less frequent)
- graded structure (based on feature, you have a spread)
- measure protypicality by measuring it’s distance from the prototype
7
Q
Problems with prototypes
A
- They are organized around averages
- certain members of other categories may look similar to prototypes of other categories than the prototype of their own category
- lots of overlap
8
Q
Exemplar view
A
- Store all instances/experiences of a category
- prototype is generated/abstracted as needed (not stored)
- levels to categories are formed
- has all prototype benefit plus allowance for more rewance
- holds anto features
- explains typicality effect
- takes atypical cases into account
- deals w/ variable categories
9
Q
Characteristics of categories (exemplar modal)
A
- Graded membership (typicality effect, some more typical than others)
- family resemblance ( category w/ lots of resemblance = closer to prototype and share a set of common features)
- related concepts (central tendency [prototype] and typicality effects)
10
Q
Levels of organization
A
- Superordinate (more broad/general than basic level)
- basic (level where members share most attributes of the category, most common answer)
- subordinate (more specific than basic level)
11
Q
What level of organization would an expert automatically think of for items in their expertise
A
Subordinate
12
Q
T or f: experts respond at the subordinate level at the same speed as an average person responds at the basic level
A
True
13
Q
Semantic network
A
- Info related is linked together
- everything is organized in hierarchal structures
14
Q
Semantic hierarchical theory
A
- All info is organized in a hierarchal structure
- uses nodes and links for the hierarchy
15
Q
Nodes + links
A
- Nodes: representations of concepts
- links: representations of relationship, between/connects nodes
