Perception

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

the set of processes by which we recognise, organise and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli

Question 2

distal object

Answer 2

object in the external world

Question 3

informational medium

Answer 3

sound, light - what transports the sensation into the eye

Question 4

proximal stimulation

Answer 4

the cells in the eye absorb the waves

Question 5

perceptual object

Answer 5

the image on the retina - what we see

Question 6

cognition

Answer 6

the usage of information from perception

Question 7

percept

Answer 7

the mental representation of stimulus which is perceived

Question 8

sensory adaptation

Answer 8

sensory cells stop perceiving a distal object when it remains stable

Question 9

stimulus variation

Answer 9

the distal object cant stay stable lr sensory adaptation occurs

Question 10

light

Answer 10

electromagnetic radiaton and the precondition of vison

Question 11

how does vision happen in the eye?

Answer 11

light passes through the cornea > pupil > crystalline lens and vitreous humor > retina where the electromagnetic light energy is translated into neural impulses

Question 12

where is vision the most accurate?

Answer 12

in the fovea in the retina

Question 13

retina layers

Answer 13

1. ganglion cells
2. interneuron cells: amacrine, bipolar, horizontal
3. photoreceptors (cones, rods) - photopigments

Question 14

vision in the brian

Answer 14

photoreceptors > optic nerve > optic chiasma > thalamus

Question 15

what / where hypothesis

Answer 15

2 separate neural pathways in the cerebral cortex : what (coor, shape..) where (location, motion)

Question 16

bottom-up theories

Answer 16

perception starts with the stimulus, then continues to cognitive processes:
direct perception (sensory inf is all we need), template theories, feature matching theories, recognition by components (shapes)

Question 17

pandemonium model

Answer 17

feature matching theory
1. image demons (pass image from the retina)
2. feature demons (look for matches)
3. cognitive demons (shout out matches)
4 decision demons

Question 18

top-down theories

Answer 18

perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and the prior expectations

Question 19

constructive perception

Answer 19

the perceiver constructs a cognitive understanding of a stimulus. his cognitive processes influence how they perceive

Question 20

context effects

Answer 20

the influences of the surrounding environment on perception

Question 21

configural-superiority effect

Answer 21

Objects presented in certain configurations are easier to recognize than the objects presented in isolation

Question 22

word - superiority effect

Answer 22

It’s easier to identify a letter within a real word then a nonsense sequel of letters

Question 23

viewer-centered representation

Answer 23

The individual stores the way the object looks to them

Question 24

object-centered representation

Answer 24

The individual stores in objective representation of the object

Question 25

landmark-centered representation

Answer 25

Information is characterized by its relation to a well-known item

Question 26

Law of Prägnanz

Answer 26

Gestalt: we perceive visual stimuli in a way that most simply organizes the different elements into a stable and coherent form
(figure-ground perception, proximity, similarity continuity, closure, symmetry)

Question 27

pattern recognition systems

Answer 27

feature analysis: recognition of parts of object and assembling those into distinctive wholes

configurational system: recognising larger configuration : facial recognition

Question 28

perceptual constancy

Answer 28

Our perception of an object Remains the Same even when I proximal sensation is changed

Question 29

Depth cues

Answer 29

monocular - one eye, optical illusions

binocular - 2 eyes

Question 30

Depth

Answer 30

The distance from a surface

Question 31

binocular disparity

Answer 31

Both eyes send disparate images to the brain who interprets the degree of disparity as an indication of distance between the object and the person

Question 32

color perception

Answer 32

defined by their hue, brightness and saturation. we can distinguish up to 7 million colors

Question 33

trichromatic theory

opponent process theory

Answer 33

Light stimulates 3 recepters on the retina (photoreceptors on the retina)

Processing of opposite colors (neurons in the brain)

Question 34

Agnosia

Answer 34

problems perceiving ‘what’ information

Question 35

visual-object agnosia

Answer 35

they can see the shape but cant recognise what it is

Question 36

simultagnosia

Answer 36

Can’t pay attention to more than one object at a time

Question 37

prosopagnosia

Answer 37

Can’t recognize human faces

Question 38

optic ataxia

Answer 38

impaired ability of the visual system to guide movement

Question 39

achromacy

Answer 39

No color vision

Question 40

Dichromacy

Answer 40

One of the three mechanisms for color perception is malfunctioning (red-green, blue-green, green)