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CogPsy > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

Language

A

The use of an organised means of combining words in order to communicate with those around us

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2
Q

Psycholinguistics and 4 related disciplines

A

The psychology of language as it interacts with the human mind

Linguistics - study of language

Neurolinguistics - the study of the relationships among the brain, cognition, and language

Sociolinguistics - the study of the relationship between social behaviour and language

Computational linguistics - the study of language via computational methods

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3
Q

Language and evolution

A
  • favored individuals with larynx deep enough in the throat to allow for a wider range of sound
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4
Q

6 properties of language

A
  1. communicative - permit us to communicate with people who share our language
  2. arbitrarily symbolic - creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and what it represents
  3. regularly structured - only certain arrangements of symbols have meaning
  4. structured at multiple levels - in sounds, words, phrases
  5. generative and productive - the possibilities for creating new utterances are virtually limitless
  6. dynamic - constantly evolving
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5
Q

referent

A

The thing or concept in the real world that a word refers to

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6
Q

2 principles underlying word meanings

A

principle of conventionality - people agree

principle of contrast - different words have different meanings

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7
Q

phoneme

A

The smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one utterance in a language from another

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8
Q

Phonemics

A

The study of the particular phonemes of a language

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9
Q

Morpheme and 2 types

A

The smallest unit of meaning within a particular language

Content morphemes - the words that convey the bulk of meaning of a language

Function morphemes - add detail and nuance (suffixes, the..)

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10
Q

Lexicon

A

the entire set of morphemes in a given language or in the given persons linguistic repertoire

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11
Q

Syntax

A

Refers to the way in which we put words together to form sentences

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12
Q

2 necessary parts of a sentence

A

noun phrase - a noun and its descriptors

verb phrase - a verb and whatever it acts on

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13
Q

coarticulation

A

Pronouncing more than one phoneme at the same time

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14
Q

speech segmentation

A

The process of trying to separate the continuous sound stream into distinct words

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15
Q

Phonetic refinement theory

A
  1. analysing auditory stimuli

2. matching the phonemes we hear with words we know

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16
Q

TRACE model

A

connectionist model of speech perception

interactive nodes on 3 levels:

  1. the level of acoustic features
  2. the level of phonemes
  3. the level of words
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17
Q

phonemic-restoration effect

A

perceiving phonemes in speech despite them being covered up by another sound - integrating what we perceive with what we know

18
Q

Categorical perception of speech

A

We categorise what we hear according to syllables, pitch, etc.

19
Q

Motor theory of Speech perception

A

We use the movement of the speakers lips to perceive what they say

20
Q

McGurk effect

A

Hearing a compromise sound when when the lips seem to say one sound but we hear another

21
Q

Semantics

A

The study of meaning in a language

22
Q

Denotation vs connotation

A

Denotation is the strict dictionary definition of a word

connotation is a word’s emotional overtones in other non-explicit meanings

23
Q

semantic priming

A

We react faster to words that are related in meaning to a prior presented word

24
Q

words with multiple meanings

A

dominant meaning (foot as a body part)

subordinate meaning (foot of the hill)

25
Q

Grammar and 2 types

A

The study of language in terms of regular patterns

  1. prescriptive - “correct” way to structure language
  2. descriptive - deacribing functions and relationships of words in a language
26
Q

syntactical priming

A

Tendency to use syntactical structures that parallel the structures of sentences we have just heard

27
Q

what kinds of speech errors do we tend to make

A

Switching nouns for nouns, verbs for verbs etc

28
Q

Phrase-Structure Grammar

A

assigning syntactical categories (vetné členy)

29
Q

Transformational Grammar (Noam Chomsky)

A

involves transformational rules that guide the ways in which propositions can be arranged into sentences

these rules influence the creation of a deep structure, which is then transformed through the application of more rules into a surface structure

30
Q

5 processes reading encompasses

A 
perception
language
memory
thinking
intelligence
31
Q

Dyslexia and 2 kinds

A

difficulty in deciphering, reading and comprehending text

  1. developmental
  2. acquired (through brain damage)
32
Q

4 problems of people with dyslexia

A
  1. phonological awareness - can’t tell how many sounds there are in a word
  2. phonological reading - trouble recognising words in isolation
  3. phonological coding in working memory - confusing similar phonemes
  4. lexical access - trouble retrieving words from their lexicon
33
Q

2 reading processes

A

lexical processes - used to identify letters and words

comprehension processes - used to make sense of the text as a whole

34
Q

Eye fixations when reading

A

our eyes move in saccades - rapid sequential movements when reading.

we fixate more on :
content words than function words
less familiar words
longer words
the last words of a sentence
35
Q

Lexical access

A

the identification of a word that allows us to access its meaning from memory

top-down and bottom-up processing

36
Q

lexical-decision task

A

tests how quickly people identify stimuli as either words or non-words

37
Q

sentence-superiority effect

A

people take longer to identify non related words than tp identify words embedded in a sentence

38
Q

Cohort model of lexical access

A

a word’s cohort consists of all the words in the lexicon that share its first phonemes
the possibilities for finding a match reduce with each syllable until the RECOGNITION POINT of the word

39
Q

Discourse

A

involves systemically structured parts of language larger than sentences : conversations, stories, essays etc.

40
Q

propositions in reading

A

as we read, we try to extract fundamental ideas from the text - propositions, not the exact words, into our working memory

41
Q

Neighbourhood density

A

a word’s neighbourhood consists of all the words that are phonologically similar

words wirh larger neighbourhoods take longer to retrieve

42
Q

formants

A

acoustic frequencies (lowest f1)

CogPsy (9 decks)

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