Knowledge Organisation Flashcards
Converging operations
the use of multiple approaches and techniques to address a problem
Concept
- the fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge
- an idea of something that provides a means of understanding the world
- a basic level of Specificity
Category + rozdelenie
a group of items into which different concepts can be placed that belong together because they share common features
natural and artifact categories
Ad hoc categories
created for a specific purpose (things you can write on)
Defining features
uniquely define the category
singly necessary
jointly sufficient
Problems with featurebased categories
- some categories are not easily defined
- a violation of defining features doesn’t change the category
- typicality
Prototype theory
grouping things together by their similarity to an averaged model of the category
characteristic features
describe the prototype but are not necessary for it
classical vs fuzzy concepts
classical - easily defined through defining features, built on defining features
fuzzy - not easily defined, built on prototypes
Exemplars
typical representatives of a category (songbirds, flightless birds etc)
Core
the defining features something must have to be considered an example of a category
Theory-based view of categorisation
using your experience to construct a theory of a category
Essentialism
certain categories have an underlying reality that cannot be observed directly (female) - can’t change it
Semantic
related to meaning as expressed in language
Collins and Quillian’s Network model
+ inheritance
a hierarchical semantic network - a web of nodes (concepts) that are connected with each other through links (labeled relationships that might indicate category membership, attributes..)
Lower level items inherit the properties of higher-level items
Schemas and their characteristics
- mental frameworks for organizing knowledge that create a meaningful structure of related concepts
- can include other schemas
- Encompass typical General facts that can vary slightly
- vary in their degree of abstraction
schemas can include information about relationships among :
Concepts, attributes within Concepts, attributes in related Concepts, Concepts in particular contexts, if-then relationships,
Scripts and their features
Contain information about the particular order in which things occur.
props, roles, opening conditions, a set of results
parts of brain involved in generating scripts, conditions that impair their use
frontal and parietal lobes
schizophrenia, ADHD, autism
experts and scripts
Experts share a jargon and a common understanding of scripts known by the Insiders to the field of expertise
Typicality effect
When learning a script and both typical and atypical actions are provided, the atypical information is recalled better due to the increased effort in processing
Production of procedural knowledge
- the generation and output of a procedure
- acquired through practice, with more practice becomes more implicit and harder to make explicit
- can be retrieved for use much more quickly than declarative knowledge
serial processing of information
Involved in procedural knowledge
- information is handled through a linear sequence of operations, one operation at a time
mental representations in nondeclarative knowledge
- perceptual, motor, cognitove skills
- simple associative and nonassociative knowledge
- priming, in which the production of an item is improved by an earlier encounter.
Priming types
positive - first stimulus facilitates later recognition
negative - IMPEDES recognition
Proceduralization
transforming information about procedures into implicit implementations. Stages:
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
Parallel processing
multiple operations occurring simultaneously
Parallel distributed processing (PDP)
knowledge is represented in a combination of nodes - activation of one node (a prime) may prompt activation of a connected node)
a concept is represented by the overall pattern of activation of nodes
Domain Specificity
Processes that are domain specific are only used for one particular kind of information - which makes the mind modular - divided into modules that operate independently of each other
prime and priming effect
prime- a nlde that activated another node
priming effect - the activated portion of long-term memory
