Knowledge Organisation

Question 1

Converging operations

Answer 1

the use of multiple approaches and techniques to address a problem

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

• the fundamental unit of symbolic knowledge
• an idea of something that provides a means of understanding the world
• a basic level of Specificity

Question 3

Category + rozdelenie

Answer 3

a group of items into which different concepts can be placed that belong together because they share common features

natural and artifact categories

Question 4

Ad hoc categories

Answer 4

created for a specific purpose (things you can write on)

Question 5

Defining features

Answer 5

uniquely define the category

singly necessary
jointly sufficient

Question 6

Problems with featurebased categories

Answer 6

• some categories are not easily defined
• a violation of defining features doesn’t change the category
• typicality

Question 7

Prototype theory

Answer 7

grouping things together by their similarity to an averaged model of the category

Question 8

characteristic features

Answer 8

describe the prototype but are not necessary for it

Question 9

classical vs fuzzy concepts

Answer 9

classical - easily defined through defining features, built on defining features

fuzzy - not easily defined, built on prototypes

Question 10

Exemplars

Answer 10

typical representatives of a category (songbirds, flightless birds etc)

Question 11

Core

Answer 11

the defining features something must have to be considered an example of a category

Question 12

Theory-based view of categorisation

Answer 12

using your experience to construct a theory of a category

Question 13

Essentialism

Answer 13

certain categories have an underlying reality that cannot be observed directly (female) - can’t change it

Question 14

Semantic

Answer 14

related to meaning as expressed in language

Question 15

Collins and Quillian’s Network model

+ inheritance

Answer 15

a hierarchical semantic network - a web of nodes (concepts) that are connected with each other through links (labeled relationships that might indicate category membership, attributes..)

Lower level items inherit the properties of higher-level items

Question 16

Schemas and their characteristics

Answer 16

• mental frameworks for organizing knowledge that create a meaningful structure of related concepts

1. can include other schemas
2. Encompass typical General facts that can vary slightly
3. vary in their degree of abstraction

Question 17

schemas can include information about relationships among :

Answer 17

Concepts, attributes within Concepts, attributes in related Concepts, Concepts in particular contexts, if-then relationships,

Question 18

Scripts and their features

Answer 18

Contain information about the particular order in which things occur.

props, roles, opening conditions, a set of results

Question 19

parts of brain involved in generating scripts, conditions that impair their use

Answer 19

frontal and parietal lobes

schizophrenia, ADHD, autism

Question 20

experts and scripts

Answer 20

Experts share a jargon and a common understanding of scripts known by the Insiders to the field of expertise

Question 21

Typicality effect

Answer 21

When learning a script and both typical and atypical actions are provided, the atypical information is recalled better due to the increased effort in processing

Question 22

Production of procedural knowledge

Answer 22

• the generation and output of a procedure
• acquired through practice, with more practice becomes more implicit and harder to make explicit
• can be retrieved for use much more quickly than declarative knowledge

Question 23

serial processing of information

Answer 23

Involved in procedural knowledge

- information is handled through a linear sequence of operations, one operation at a time

Question 24

mental representations in nondeclarative knowledge

Answer 24

• perceptual, motor, cognitove skills
• simple associative and nonassociative knowledge
• priming, in which the production of an item is improved by an earlier encounter.

Question 25

Priming types

Answer 25

positive - first stimulus facilitates later recognition

negative - IMPEDES recognition

Question 26

Proceduralization

Answer 26

transforming information about procedures into implicit implementations. Stages:

1. cognitive
2. associative
3. autonomous

Question 27

Parallel processing

Answer 27

multiple operations occurring simultaneously

Question 28

Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

Answer 28

knowledge is represented in a combination of nodes - activation of one node (a prime) may prompt activation of a connected node)

a concept is represented by the overall pattern of activation of nodes

Question 29

Domain Specificity

Answer 29

Processes that are domain specific are only used for one particular kind of information - which makes the mind modular - divided into modules that operate independently of each other

Question 30

prime and priming effect

Answer 30

prime- a nlde that activated another node

priming effect - the activated portion of long-term memory