People

Question 1

maintained that personality and ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance (human traits are inherited)

Answer 1

Francis Galton

Question 2

theory of evolution, survival of the fittest-origin of the species

Answer 2

Charles Darwin

Question 3

introspection-psychology became the scientific study of conscious experience (rather than science); father of modern or scientific psychology; structuralism was the approach and introspection was the methodology

Answer 3

William Wundt

Question 4

founder of behaviorism; generalization; applied classical conditioning skills to advertising; most famous for Little Albert experiment, where he first trained Albert to be afraid of rats and then to generalize his fear to all small, white animals

Answer 4

John Watson

Question 5

Neo Freudian; believed that childhood social not sexual tensions are crucial for personality formation; believed that people are primarily searching for self-esteem and achieving the ideal self

Answer 5

Alfred Adler

Question 6

disciple of Freud who extended his theories; believed in a collective unconscious as well as a personal unconscious that is aware of ancient archetypes which we inherit from our ancestors and we see in myths (young warrior, wise man of the village, loving mother, etc.); coined the terms introversion and extroversion

Answer 6

Carl Jung

Question 7

three levels of traits:

1. cardinal trait - dominant trait that characterizes your life
2. central trait - common to all people
3. secondary trait- surfaces in some situations and not in others

Answer 7

Gordon Allport

Question 8

father of Rational Emotive Therapy, which focuses on altering client’s patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotion (like, “if I fail the AP exam my life will come to an end”)

Answer 8

Albert Ellis

Question 9

humanist psychologist who said we have a series of needs which must be met; you can’t achieve the top level, self-
actualization, unless the previous levels have been achieved; from bottom to top the levels are physiological needs, safety,
belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization; lower needs dominate and individual’s motivation as long as they are unsatisfied

Answer 9

Albert Maslow

Question 10

humanistic psychologist who believed in unconditional positive regard; people will naturally strive for self-actualization and high self-esteem, unless society taints them; reflected back clients thoughts so that they developed a self-awareness or their feelings; client-centered therapy

Answer 10

Carl Rogers

Question 11

operant conditioning– techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism’s behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Skinner box; believed psychology was not scientific enough; wanted it to be believed everyone is born tableau rosa (blank slate); NOT concerned with unconscious or cause, only behavior

Answer 11

B.F. Skinner

Question 12

father of classical conditioning– an unconditional stimulus naturally elicits a reflexive behavior called an unconditional response, but with repeated pairings with a neutral stimulus, the neutral stimulus will elicit the response

Answer 12

Ivan Pavlov

Question 13

believed there are an infinite number of sentences in a language and that humans have an inborn native ability to develop language; words and concepts are learned but the brain is hardwired for grammar and language

Answer 13

Noam Chomsky

Question 14

four-state theory of cognitive development– sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational; two basic processes (assimilation and accommodation) work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth

Answer 14

Jean Piaget

Question 15

people evolve through 8 states over the life span; each state is marked by psychological crisis that involves confronting “who am I”

Answer 15

Erik Erikson

Question 16

theory states that there are 3 levels of moral reasoning (pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional) and each level can be divided into 2 stages

Answer 16

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 17

maintained the Kohlberg’s work was developed only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgment of men and women

Answer 17

Carol Gilligan

Question 18

personality is determined to a large extent by genes; used the terms extroversion and introversion

Answer 18

Hans Eysenck

Question 19

believed that to experience emotions one must be physically aroused and must then label the arousal

Answer 19

S. Schacter

Question 20

systematic desensitization; maintained that fear could be unlearned; Little Peter experiment

Answer 20

Mary Cover Jones

Question 21

his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think

Answer 21

Benjamin Whorf

Question 22

triarchic theory of intelligence-

1. academic problem-solving intelligence
2. practical intelligence
3. creative intelligence

Answer 22

Robert Sternberg

Question 23

theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 23

Howard Gardner

Question 24

observational learning- allows you to profit immediately from the mistakes and successes of others; his experiment had adult models punching BoBo dolls and then observed children whom watched begin to exhibit many of the same behaviors; social learning theory

Answer 24

Albert Bandura

Question 25

law of effect-the principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely and vice versa

Answer 25

E.L. Thorndike

Question 26

general I.Q. tests

Answer 26

Alfred Binet

Question 27

revised Binet’s I.Q. test and established norms for American children

Answer 27

Lewis Terman

Question 28

established an intelligence test especially for adults (Weschler Intelligence Test for Adults)

Answer 28

David Wäscher

Question 29

found that specific mental talents were highly correlated; concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled “g” for general ability

Answer 29

Charles Spearman

Question 30

developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot Test; subject reads the inkblots and projects to the observer aspects of their personality

Answer 30

H. Rorschach

Question 31

conducted the famous Stanford Prison Experiment; studied the power of social roles to influence peoples behavior; proved people’s behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; experiment had to be stopped because it got out of control

Answer 31

Philip Zimbardo

Question 32

conducted a hospital experiment to test the diagnosis that hospitals make on patients; wanted to see the impact of behavior on being a patient; proved that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, your care would not be very good in a mental hospital setting

Answer 32

David Rosenhan

Question 33

study of conformity; experiment had a subject unaware of his situation to test if he would conform if all the members of a group gave an obviously incorrect answer

Answer 33

S. Asch

Question 34

conducted a study on obedience when he had a subject shock a patient to the extent that they thought they would be seriously injuring the patient

Answer 34

Stanley Milgram

Question 35

Studied theory of attachment in infant Rhesus monkeys; also experimented on the effects of social isolation in young monkeys and observed that they become severely emotionally disturbed and never recover fully

Answer 35

Harry Harlow

Question 36

theory that liked personality to physique on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment; endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), ectomorphic (skinny)

Answer 36

William Sheldon

Question 37

psychoanalytical theory that focuses on the unconscious; id, ego, superego; believed innate drives for sex and aggression are the primary motives for our behavior and personalities

Answer 37

Sigmund Freud

Question 38

criticized Freud; said that personality is continually molded by current fears and impulses rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences; saw humans as craving love and social interaction to drive their needs

Answer 38

Karen Horney

Question 39

learned helplessness is the giving up reaction that occurs from the experience that whatever you do you cannot change your situation

Answer 39

Martin Seligman

Question 40

first to conduct scientific studies on memory and forgetting; learning curves

Answer 40

H. Ebbinghas

Question 41

did a study of the activities of neurons in the visual cortex

Answer 41

Hubel/Wisel

Question 42

believed that gastric activity in an empty stomach was the sole reason for hunger; did experiment by inserting balloon in subjects stomach

Answer 42

Walter B. Cannon

Question 43

pioneered first study on JND (just noticeable difference), which became Weber’s Law; the JND between stimuli is a constant fraction of the intensity of the standard stimulus

Answer 43

Ernest Weber

Question 44

theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a sequence of 5 stages-

1. denial
2. anger/resentment
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance

Answer 44

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

Question 45

mere exposure effect; it is possible to have preferences without inferences and to feel without knowing why

Answer 45

Robert Zajone

Question 46

stated that the need to achieve varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances; devised the TAT (Thematic Appreciation Test) with Christina D. Morgan

Answer 46

Henry Murray

Question 47

devised a way to measure H. Murray’s theory-“the need to achieve that varied in strength in different people and influenced their tendency to approach success and evaluate their own performances”; credited with developing the scoring system for the TAT’s use in assessing achievement motivation, not for the TAT itself

Answer 47

David McClelland

Question 48

theory that facial expressions are universal

Answer 48

Paul Ekman

Question 49

studied adolescent stage of Erikson; divided adolescent into four groups- foreclosed (having parents identity), achieved (your own identity), diffused (not even searching, living day-to-day), moratorium (actively searching for identity)

Answer 49

James Marcia