behaviorism/learning

Question 1

Basics

Answer 1

Learning occurs through associations basically in three ways:

1. Classical
2. Operant
3. Social/observational
   - Reciprocal determinism

Question 2

Classical

Answer 2

• first
• neutral stimulus is associated with a natural stimulus (UCS) that creates a natural response (UCR). The neutral becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) creating the same response (CR).

Question 3

Operant

Answer 3

• second
• an intentional behavior (response) is reinforced positively, negatively, or by punishment encouraging a behavior (positive or negative) or discouraging a behavior

Question 4

Social/observational

Answer 4

through observation and imitation. That’s why hit children learn to hit rather than what the parent is operantly trying to accomplish

Question 5

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 5

• Bandura
• our traits move us to choose certain environments, which then reinforce us sos we feel good and repeat the behaviors, or the opposite
• important– not interested in causes, but in changing behaviors
• behaviorists criticized psychoanalytical as being not testable and not observable

Question 6

terms/concepts

Answer 6

• primary reinforcements
• secondary reinforcements
• continuous reinforcements
• partial
• schedules of reinforcement
• shaping
• immediate vs. delayed

Question 7

primary reinforcements

Answer 7

food, love– things the organism physically needs

Question 8

secondary reinforcements

Answer 8

money– things that represent primary reinforcers

Question 9

continuous reinforcement

Answer 9

every time; teaches quickest, extinguishes quickest

Question 10

partial

Answer 10

teaches slower, extinguishes slower

Question 11

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 11

1. variable ratio
2. fixed ratio
3. variable interval
4. fixed interval

Question 12

variable ratio

Answer 12

reinforcement given after varying # of times a behavior is done; ex: slot machines

Question 13

variable interval

Answer 13

rewarded at a time increment that varies; ex: fishing

Question 14

fixed interval

Answer 14

time passes and then you get paid; a job

Question 15

shaping

Answer 15

slow reinforcing subject as they approximate a desired behavior

Question 16

immediate vs. delayed

Answer 16

in most instances, reinforcement must be immediate to be effective. For example, hangovers don’t stop people from drinking

Question 17

people

Answer 17

• Pavlov
• Watson
• B.F. Skinner
• Albert Bandura
• Mary Cover Jones

Question 18

therapies

Answer 18

• systematic desensitization
• aversive
• flooding
• token economics

Question 19

Systematic desensitization

Answer 19

slowly introducing the object of fear to the patient until their symptoms subside and then moving them closer; teaching clients to relax in each successive level of the anxiety hierarchy = progressive relaxation

Question 20

Aversive (remember this means “get away from”) conditioning

Answer 20

applying a punishment to an undesirable behavior; like making alcoholic drinks that make you violently ill; not effective if the person knows what’s going on because they can cognitively blame it on the additive

Question 21

Flooding

Answer 21

a type of exposure therapy that subjects a person to massive doses of what they are afraid of

Question 22

Token Economics

Answer 22

based on operant conditioning principles; reinforcement tokens given for desired behavior and then later crashed in for privilege