behaviorism/learning Flashcards
Basics
Learning occurs through associations basically in three ways:
- Classical
- Operant
- Social/observational
- Reciprocal determinism
Classical
- first
- neutral stimulus is associated with a natural stimulus (UCS) that creates a natural response (UCR). The neutral becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) creating the same response (CR).
Operant
- second
- an intentional behavior (response) is reinforced positively, negatively, or by punishment encouraging a behavior (positive or negative) or discouraging a behavior
Social/observational
through observation and imitation. That’s why hit children learn to hit rather than what the parent is operantly trying to accomplish
Reciprocal determinism
- Bandura
- our traits move us to choose certain environments, which then reinforce us sos we feel good and repeat the behaviors, or the opposite
- important– not interested in causes, but in changing behaviors
- behaviorists criticized psychoanalytical as being not testable and not observable
terms/concepts
- primary reinforcements
- secondary reinforcements
- continuous reinforcements
- partial
- schedules of reinforcement
- shaping
- immediate vs. delayed
primary reinforcements
food, love– things the organism physically needs
secondary reinforcements
money– things that represent primary reinforcers
continuous reinforcement
every time; teaches quickest, extinguishes quickest
partial
teaches slower, extinguishes slower
schedules of reinforcement
- variable ratio
- fixed ratio
- variable interval
- fixed interval
variable ratio
reinforcement given after varying # of times a behavior is done; ex: slot machines
variable interval
rewarded at a time increment that varies; ex: fishing
fixed interval
time passes and then you get paid; a job
shaping
slow reinforcing subject as they approximate a desired behavior
immediate vs. delayed
in most instances, reinforcement must be immediate to be effective. For example, hangovers don’t stop people from drinking
people
- Pavlov
- Watson
- B.F. Skinner
- Albert Bandura
- Mary Cover Jones
therapies
- systematic desensitization
- aversive
- flooding
- token economics
Systematic desensitization
slowly introducing the object of fear to the patient until their symptoms subside and then moving them closer; teaching clients to relax in each successive level of the anxiety hierarchy = progressive relaxation
Aversive (remember this means “get away from”) conditioning
applying a punishment to an undesirable behavior; like making alcoholic drinks that make you violently ill; not effective if the person knows what’s going on because they can cognitively blame it on the additive
Flooding
a type of exposure therapy that subjects a person to massive doses of what they are afraid of
Token Economics
based on operant conditioning principles; reinforcement tokens given for desired behavior and then later crashed in for privilege
