penis and testicles

Question 1

balantis

Answer 1

inflammation of glans

Question 2

balanoposthitis

Answer 2

glans and foreskin

Question 3

inflammation of foreskin

Answer 3

posthitis

Question 4

inflammation of foreskin

Answer 4

posthitis

Question 5

what causes phimosis

Answer 5

chronic inflammtion of glans and foreskin

Question 6

how do you treat phimosis

Question 7

smegma

Answer 7

Smegma is a collection of skin cells from the glans penis and inner foreskin that is often noted with retraction of the foreskin. This natural skin shedding helps to separate the foreskin from the head of the penis. Smegma may appear as white pearls underneath the skin, which can easily be washed off once the foreskin is retracted.

Question 8

symptoms of balanitis

Answer 8

difficulty retracting foreskin back

thick discharge coming from underneath foreskin

dysuria

sometimes can be bleeding around foreskin

local signs of inflammto- redness etc

enlarge inguinal LN

Question 9

tx balantitis

Answer 9

a mild steroid cream or ointment
an antifungal cream or ointment
antibiotics

circumsion - if keeps coming back

Question 10

causes of balantitis

Answer 10

not washing your penis properly
some young boys have a very tight foreskin (phimosis), which means they cannot pull it back to clean under it
thrush
a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia – if a STI is suspected you may be referred to a sexual health clinic
substances such as soap, shower gels or condoms may irritate the skin
diabetes – high levels of sugar in your pee can cause thrush

Question 11

hydrocele

Answer 11

A hydrocele is a collection of fluid around the testicle.

Question 12

causes of hydrocele

Answer 12

congetial - normal

acquired
trauma
infection

Question 13

causes of hydrocele

Answer 13

congetial - normal

acquired
trauma
Torsion
epididymitis
infection
tumour

Question 14

what causes a congenital hydrocele

Answer 14

During normal development, the testes develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum, usually before birth. The testes descend along the path of the processus vaginalis, which should obliterate. If the processus vaginalis doesn’t completely close, fluid from the abdomen can gradually accumulate in the scrotum, causing a hydrocele

Question 15

what can happen as a result of processus vaginalais failing to obliterate

Answer 15

1. hydrocele
2. inguinal hernia as intesnsine herniates through the deep ring INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA

Question 16

DIAGNOSIS OF HYDROCELE

Answer 16

Hydroceles are confirmed with an ultrasound scan, which demonstrate simple fluid accumulated around the testicle.

Question 17

TX OF HYDROCELE

Answer 17

Most hydroceles will spontaneously resolve by 12 months. Therefore, management includes observation initially and then surgical correction if they have not resolved by 1 year. This is because there is a significantly increased risk of an indirect inguinal hernia.

Question 18

On which side does a varicocele typically present?

Answer 18

90% of varicoceles present on the left side

Question 19

Which conditions may result in a secondary hydrocele?

Answer 19

Torsion, epididymitis, testicular tumour, trauma and infection.

Question 20

What test on examination can differentiate between a varicocele and hydrocele?

Answer 20

A hydrocele will transilluminate with a pen torch whereas a varicocele will not.

Question 20

What test on examination can differentiate between a varicocele and hydrocele?

Answer 20

A hydrocele will transilluminate with a pen torch whereas a varicocele will not.

Question 21

complications of hydrocele

Answer 21

inguinal hernia - if precessures vaginalis doesnt close

Question 22

does hydrocele affect fertility

Answer 22

not usually

Question 23

symptoms of hydrocele

Answer 23

he condition of hydrocele usually starts with a painless swelling in the scrotum. Although the lump is painless, the enlargement of the scrotum may cause heaviness and discomfort. Also, in some cases, along with the swelling in the scrotum, inflammation in the epididymis is also present. In these cases, you may experience severe pain and itching in the scrotal region .

Question 24

which pathologies will translminate

Answer 24

to check for fluid

cysts
hydrocele

Question 25

hydrocels painless or painful

Answer 25

TYPICALLY PAINLESS but due to heaviness can cause discomfort

scrotal pain usually torsion, epididymitis

Question 26

blue dot sign

Answer 26

especially if accompanied with a painful testicle is suggestive or torsion of a testicular appendage (appendix)

Question 27

torsion of appendix vs of testicle

Answer 27

in most cases you cannot know the difference because both pain

however if you see the BLUE dot AND testes are palpably normal its more likely to be appendix

Question 27

torsion of appendix vs of testicle

Answer 27

in most cases you cannot know the difference because both pain

however if you see the BLUE dot AND testes are palpably normal its more likely to be appendix

Question 28

bag of worms

Answer 28

varicocele

swollen or tortuous veins

Question 29

when would you have absence of cremasteric reflex

Answer 29

torsion

Question 30

high riding testcile

Answer 30

torsion

Question 31

what’s involved in cremaster reflex

Answer 31

ilioinguinal nerve

genitofemoral nerve

Question 31

what’s involved in cremaster reflex

Answer 31

ilioinguinal nerve

genitofemoral nerve

Question 32

how do you dx between epididymitis and torsion

Answer 32

the cremasteric reflex