penis and testicles Flashcards
balantis
inflammation of glans
balanoposthitis
glans and foreskin
inflammation of foreskin
posthitis
inflammation of foreskin
posthitis
what causes phimosis
chronic inflammtion of glans and foreskin
how do you treat phimosis
smegma
Smegma is a collection of skin cells from the glans penis and inner foreskin that is often noted with retraction of the foreskin. This natural skin shedding helps to separate the foreskin from the head of the penis. Smegma may appear as white pearls underneath the skin, which can easily be washed off once the foreskin is retracted.
symptoms of balanitis
difficulty retracting foreskin back
thick discharge coming from underneath foreskin
dysuria
sometimes can be bleeding around foreskin
local signs of inflammto- redness etc
enlarge inguinal LN
tx balantitis
a mild steroid cream or ointment
an antifungal cream or ointment
antibiotics
circumsion - if keeps coming back
causes of balantitis
not washing your penis properly
some young boys have a very tight foreskin (phimosis), which means they cannot pull it back to clean under it
thrush
a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as gonorrhoea or chlamydia – if a STI is suspected you may be referred to a sexual health clinic
substances such as soap, shower gels or condoms may irritate the skin
diabetes – high levels of sugar in your pee can cause thrush
hydrocele
A hydrocele is a collection of fluid around the testicle.
causes of hydrocele
congetial - normal
acquired
trauma
infection
causes of hydrocele
congetial - normal
acquired
trauma
Torsion
epididymitis
infection
tumour
what causes a congenital hydrocele
During normal development, the testes develop in the abdomen and descend into the scrotum, usually before birth. The testes descend along the path of the processus vaginalis, which should obliterate. If the processus vaginalis doesn’t completely close, fluid from the abdomen can gradually accumulate in the scrotum, causing a hydrocele
what can happen as a result of processus vaginalais failing to obliterate
- hydrocele
- inguinal hernia as intesnsine herniates through the deep ring INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA
DIAGNOSIS OF HYDROCELE
Hydroceles are confirmed with an ultrasound scan, which demonstrate simple fluid accumulated around the testicle.
TX OF HYDROCELE
Most hydroceles will spontaneously resolve by 12 months. Therefore, management includes observation initially and then surgical correction if they have not resolved by 1 year. This is because there is a significantly increased risk of an indirect inguinal hernia.
On which side does a varicocele typically present?
90% of varicoceles present on the left side
Which conditions may result in a secondary hydrocele?
Torsion, epididymitis, testicular tumour, trauma and infection.
What test on examination can differentiate between a varicocele and hydrocele?
A hydrocele will transilluminate with a pen torch whereas a varicocele will not.
What test on examination can differentiate between a varicocele and hydrocele?
A hydrocele will transilluminate with a pen torch whereas a varicocele will not.
complications of hydrocele
inguinal hernia - if precessures vaginalis doesnt close
does hydrocele affect fertility
not usually
symptoms of hydrocele
he condition of hydrocele usually starts with a painless swelling in the scrotum. Although the lump is painless, the enlargement of the scrotum may cause heaviness and discomfort. Also, in some cases, along with the swelling in the scrotum, inflammation in the epididymis is also present. In these cases, you may experience severe pain and itching in the scrotal region .
which pathologies will translminate
to check for fluid
cysts
hydrocele
hydrocels painless or painful
TYPICALLY PAINLESS but due to heaviness can cause discomfort
scrotal pain usually torsion, epididymitis
blue dot sign
especially if accompanied with a painful testicle is suggestive or torsion of a testicular appendage (appendix)
torsion of appendix vs of testicle
in most cases you cannot know the difference because both pain
however if you see the BLUE dot AND testes are palpably normal its more likely to be appendix
torsion of appendix vs of testicle
in most cases you cannot know the difference because both pain
however if you see the BLUE dot AND testes are palpably normal its more likely to be appendix
bag of worms
varicocele
swollen or tortuous veins
when would you have absence of cremasteric reflex
torsion
high riding testcile
torsion
what’s involved in cremaster reflex
ilioinguinal nerve
genitofemoral nerve
what’s involved in cremaster reflex
ilioinguinal nerve
genitofemoral nerve
how do you dx between epididymitis and torsion
the cremasteric reflex
