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urology > cancer > Flashcards

cancer Flashcards

1
Q

rf testicular cancer

A

Age <45
Caucasian
Previous testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism
HIV (seminomos)
downs - crypto is more common as well as acquired undescended

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2
Q

synchronous and metochronous

A

(synchronous – both testes at same time or metachronous – operated before on left testes and then occurs in right)

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3
Q

classifcation of testicular

A

GERM CELL OR NON GERM

GERM
-seminoma
-non seminoma (teratomas, yolk, choriocarcinoma )

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4
Q

testicular markers

A

hcg
AFP
Ldh-non specific but indicates metastisis

other book says SP1?

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5
Q

whcih marker is yolk sac

A

AFP

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6
Q

which marker is choriocarcinoma

A

hcg

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7
Q

ln to look out for in testicular

A

retroperitoneal
-paracaval
-precaval
-retrocaval
-preaortic
-interaorthocaval

fist ln to drain is the paraoartic ln

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8
Q

metatsits of testicular cancer

A

m 1 a - above diaphragm or in lung

m1 b - liver bone brain

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9
Q

t1 testicular

A

confined in testes and epididymis no invasion yet inot lymphatics /venous system

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10
Q

t3 testicular

A

spermatic cord

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11
Q

which other lN can be affected in testicular

A

pelvic and inguinal are affected secodnarlity to retroperitoneal

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12
Q

which cancer is radiosensitive

A

seminomas

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13
Q

which testicular cancers have good prognosis

A

seminomas

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13
Q

which testicular cancers have good prognosis

A

seminomas

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14
Q

complications of radical orchiectomy

A

Post-op haematoma and reduced fertility.( sperm banking before hand )

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15
Q

2 most common testicular tumours

A

seminoma and teratoma

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15
Q

2 most common testicular tumours

A

seminoma and teratoma

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16
Q

1st line diagnostic in TESTICULAR

A

ultrasound

  • can tell you the nature (is it cystic or malignant )
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16
Q

1st line diagnostic in TESTICULAR

A

ultrasound

  • can tell you the nature (is it cystic or malignant )
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17
Q

what marker could a teratoma have

A

raised alfa feto protein but less common than yolk sac

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18
Q

transtional carcinomam rf

A

smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, chronic bladder irritation, arsenic, personal history of cancer in the urinary tract, and aristolochic acids.

if you already hav e bladder cancer

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19
Q

sympotms of transitionla

A

heamturia

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20
Q

sympotms of transitionla

A

heamturia
back pain
dysuriaa- freuqne or urgent urination

21
Q

risk for bladder cancer

A

chronic irrtatin
chronic infection
arsenic in well water
occupational - amines
not voiding bladder for long times

PSAC
-phenylalanine
- smoking
- analine
-cyclophosphamide

22
Q

GREATEST RF FOR RCC

A

SMOKING

23
Q

HOW would you diagnose a varicolcels

A

scrotal ultrasound will show enlargement of veins

24
Q

most common histological type of bladder cancer

A

transitional/urothelial

25
Q

types of bladder cancer

A

urothelial
adenocarcinoma
sqaumous
small cell bladder cancer

26
Q

Risk factors for Squamous cell carcinoma bladder

A

Schistosomiasis infection
Long term catheterisation (10+ years)

27
Q

tx for advanced RCC

A

as you know chemo and radio therapy reistance

  • monoclonal antibodies (immunotherapy)
    -immune checkpoint inhibirots (immunotherpay also)
28
Q

radical neprhectomy vs simple

how can we do this porecdure

A

radical : whole kidney, ln, surrounding tissue

simples: just kindey

open or laproscopic is increasingly being used

29
Q

t4 testicular

A

infiltrates the scrotum

30
Q

most common place for testicular cnacer to spread too

A

the lung and lymph nodes of chest

31
Q

m1a tetsicular cancer

A

spread to the lung or non regional lN

32
Q

m1b testiucalr cancer

A

it spreads to the other organs like brain, liver bone

33
Q

how do we asses tumour markers in testicular cancer

A

before and after surgery, if it increases more than 5 days pst op sign of metastasis

34
Q

what other part of the body must you always check in testicular cancer

A

breasts as some can cause gynecomastia

35
Q

most common side for Testicular

A

RHS (as cryptochordims happens on this side more frequently

36
Q

whats important about orchiectomy for TT

A

iNGUINAL INCISION NOT SCROTAL !!!!

37
Q

SPREAD OF TT

A

The main mode of spread of TT is lymphogenic route, except choriocarcinoma which is
hematogenous.

38
Q

types of penile cancer

A

most common isi squamous

39
Q

penile cancer spread

A

inguinal , superficial and deep

40
Q

spread of penile cancer

A

lymph like testicular

41
Q

whats important to rememeber in penile cancer

A

always do INGUINAL LN

41
Q

whats important to rememeber in penile cancer

A

always do INGUINAL LN

42
Q

WHAT Happens in penile cancer if the inguinal ln are negative

A

you still dissect the inguinal , and you watch and wait to see if it spreads to the other lN ( you dont have to perform imaging

43
Q

what lymph nodes does penile cnacer spread too in order

A

inguinal and pelvic

44
Q

benign tumours of penis

A

condyloma acuminita - most common
pearly penile papules - just a cosmtetic issue
lichen scleroosis et atrophicus
bowen disease
cutaneous horn

45
Q

surgery for penile cancer non invaisve

A

if non invasive -below T2 - penile conserving surgery
just do either circumcission if just on prepuce or do circumsion and wide local excison of the area e.g glans

46
Q

invasive penile cancer tx

A

above t2

partial or toral penile amputation with or without immasculinisation (remove testes).

total- whole penis gone

urethra needs to be reconstructed to the perineum as now you have no penis

46
Q

invasive penile cancer tx

A

above t2

partial or toral penile amputation with or without immasculinisation (remove testes).

total- whole penis gone

urethra needs to be reconstructed to the perineum as now you have no penis

47
Q

bowenn disease

A

scc in situ - grows very slwoly which is good

48
Q

neprhorblastoma orgin and wilms

A

mesoderm

49
Q

heritdary RCC

A

Hereditary RCC show a tendency to be multiple and bilateral location, present at earlier age
of onset, bad prognosis

50
Q

SYNROMES FOR KIDNEY CANCER

A

vhl
BIRT HOGG DUBE SYNDROME

51
Q

which renal tumour is assoc with hypertension

A

oncocytoma

urology (15 decks)

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