congenital abnormalities Flashcards
ren duplex
2 ureters from 1 kindey
it can be in 1 or both kidneys
there is some confusion as it can either be duplicated ureter or a dounle kidney tye thing
in the case of 2 ureters they can have their independant sites or they can drain into 1 as they converge together
horseshoe kidney
more common in men
-superior or inferior poles joined
- usually asymptomatic
- ureters are usually calm
discoid kidney
both top and bottom poles are fused
ureters usually normal
renal ectopia examples
kidneys are not in the right position (like the tetsicles kindey failt to migrate properly)
uusally asymptomaic
intrathoaci
pelvice
most ectopic kindeys like within the pelvis and are MALROTATED
crossed renal fused ectopia
kidneys fuse becoming one and then appear on the same side of the midline - 2nd most common
crossed renal ectopia
kidneys aint fused but still on the same side
examples of congenital KINDEY DISEASES
horseshoe kidney
l shaped kidney
lump kidney
S shaped kindey
dicsoid kindey
medullary spinge kidney
nephroptosis
the kidney descends more than 2 vertebral bodies (5cm)
so its position is not fixed
usually fine but if severe enough may need a nephropexy to fix the kindey to actual place
its more common in women particularly thin women
what anomalies with size
hypoplasia (smaller )
if congenital then its usually bilateral
hypertension is common
hypertrophy
- usually seen when one kidney is absent and the other is compensating
anomalies in structure
cysts - not part of the pelvicalyceal system
treatment of cysts
sclerotherapy - insert an alcohol based solution and cysts harden and shrink - done percutaneously using guidance
surgery - partial nephrectomy, if you see malignant potential
complications of cyst
hypertension
infection of cyst
compress structures like ureters
obstruction
extrarenal involvement
liver
pancreas
seminal vesicles
pineal glands
medullary sponge kidney
cystic dilation of the collecting tubules
huge risk for UTI + STONES
- painless hematuria
-renal colic symptomati
WHEN YOU HEAR PAINESS HEMATURIA WHAT SHOULD COME TO MIND
RCC
BLADDER CANCER
what can a duplicated kidney be associated with
1) VUR
2) Ureterocele
3)
ectopic ureter
ectopic ureter
In boys the ectopic ureter usually drains into the urethra closer to the prostate. In girls the ectopic ureter usually drains into the reproductive organs or urethra.
Ectopic ureters are commonly associated with a duplex kidney, where one kidney has two separate ureters; one of the ureters drains normally into the bladder, but the second is ectopic.
congential diseases of bladder
Agenesis of the urinary bladder
- Hypoplasia of urinary bladder: Urinary bladder with small size and not normal function.
- Duplication of the urinary bladder: Either the whole length or part of the length.
- Exstrophy of the urinary bladder: In most case connected with full absence of the lower
part of the abdominal wall.
- Diverticulosis of the urinary bladder
classification of congenital anomalies
of the kidneys can be unilateral or bilateral or complicated and uncomplicated
of the ureteres : obstructive or non obstructive
renal agenesis vs renal aplasia
Renal agenesis is a complete absence of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) kidneys, whereas in renal aplasia the kidney has failed to develop beyond its most primitive form.
list congential abnomrmalites of kindey
Agenesis of the kidneys- Multiple kidneys- Aplasia of the kidney & hypoplasia of the kidney.- Solitary cyst of the kidney.- Polycystic kidneys: Most common reason for chronic renal failure.- Congenital anomaly in position: Dystrophy of the kidney
: Malrotation of the kidney
: Nephroptosis of the kidney
- Different types of kidney shape: Horse-shoe kidney & L-shaped kidney
- According to pelvis: Duplication of pelvis (Ren duplex).
- According to the ureter: Duplication of the ureters (Ureter duplex).
kidney malrotation explain more
During fetal development, kidney migration from a sacral to a lumbar position, as well as a medialization of the hilum position, occur. Abnormalities in this process cause kidney malrotation. The unusual orientation of the hilum may favor intrinsic pyelo-ureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction
due to it being congenital it can increase stoness and obstruction so hydronephrosis
congentital ureteral problems
stenosis
duplex ureter
ageneis
megaureter - big and does not fucntion normally . Whereas a normal ureter is about 3-5 mm, the size of a megaureter is usually greater than 7 mm in diameter.which is normally a muscular layer of tissue — is replaced by stiff, fibrous tissue. Without the muscular layer of tissue, normal peristalsis (a worm-like movement of the ureter that propels urine toward the bladder) cannot occur.
causes of megaureter
congenital
acquired : anything leading to obstruction so VUR, or narrow vesico-ureteric junction or ureterocele
is horeshoe kidney dangerous
1/3rd people have no problems, dont even know
but some are associated with stones and uTI’S due to problems with drainage
bifid penis
2 genital tubercles and each one guves rise to a penis
bifid penis
2 genital tubercles and each one guves rise to a penis
