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Pharmacology ChemoTherapeutics > Penicillin > Flashcards

Penicillin Flashcards

1
Q

What two rings make a penicillin

A
  1. Beta - lactam ring
  2. Thiazolidine ring
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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action of penicillin in steps

A

STEPS
1. Beta - lactams are structural analogues of D-Alanine.
2. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis in susceptible bacteria by  inhibiting transpeptidase
3. This inhibits cross-linking of peptidoglycan and thus cell wall synthesis
4. Cell while deficient forms are produced which undergo lysis. 

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3
Q

Which group of bacteria is more susceptible to penicillin and why

A

Gram-positive organisms because of highly crossed linked peptidoglycan layer

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4
Q

What is the mechanism of bacterial resistance to penicillin

A
  1. Producing beta - lactamases
  2. Due to altered penicillin binding proteins
  3. due to decreased ability of the drug to penetrate the site of action
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5
Q

What are repository or depot penicillins

A

Penicillin G combine with poorly water soluble compounds increase its duration of action

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6
Q

What are the adverse affects of Penicillins

A
  1. Hypersensitivity, skin rashes, urtiCaria, fever, dermatitis
  2. bronchiospasm
  3. angioedema
  4. joint pain
  5. serum sickness
  6. anaphylactic reaction
  7. thrombophlebitis
  8. abscess at the side of injection IM
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7
Q

What is the treatment of anaphylactic shock caused by penicillin

A
  1. adrenaline 0.3 to 0.5 mL Of 1:1000 solution IM
  2. Hydrocortisone 200 mg IV
  3. diphenhydramine 50 to 100 mg IV or IM
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8
Q

Give examples of repository penicillins

A
  1. Procaine penicillin G
  2. Benzathine penicillin G
  3. fortified procaine penicillin G
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9
Q

Penicillin should be avoided in which cases

A

Patients with
1. allergies
2. hayfever
3. allergic rhinitis
4. asthma

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10
Q

What is jarisch- herxheimer reaction

A

It is an acute exasperation of signs and symptoms of syphilis during penicillin therapy due to the release of endotoxins from dead organisms.

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11
Q

What are the manifestations of jarisch-herxheimer reaction 

A
  1. Fever
  2. chills
  3. myalgia
  4. circulatory collapse
  5. hypotension
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12
Q

What is the treatment of jarisch- herxheimer reaction 

A

Aspirin and corticosteroids

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13
Q

What is a therapeutic uses of penicillin G

A
  1. pneumococcal infections
  2. streptococcal infections
  3. meningococcal meningitis
  4. gonococcal infections
  5. diphtheria
  6. syphilis
  7. clostridial infections [tetanus and gas gangrene]
  8. other infections: anthrax, listeria infections, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, actinomyces, rat bite fever anaerobic infections.
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14
Q

What is the procedure of prophylactic use of penicillins for rheumatic fever

A

Benzathine Penicillin G 1.2 million units IM once a month continued for life

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15
Q

What are the limitations of penicillin G

A
  1. Orally not effective
  2. short duration of action
  3. narrow spectrum of antibacterial activity
  4. possibility of anaphylaxis
  5. destroyed by penicillinase enzyme
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16
Q

Name acid Resistant penicillin

A

Phenoxy methyl penicillin (penicillin G) 

17
Q

Name penicillinase resistant penicillins

A
  1. Methicillin
  2. oxacillin
  3. cloxacillin
  4. dicloxacillin
  5. naficillin
18
Q

Name extended spectrum penicillins

A
  1. Aminopenicillins
  2. Carboxy penicillins
  3. Ureidopenicillins
19
Q

Name aminopenicillins

A

Ampicillin
amoxycillin

20
Q

Name carboxy penicillins

A
  1. Carbenicillin
  2. Carbenicillin indanyl
  3. Ticarcillian
    
21
Q

Name ureidopenicillins

A
  1. Mezlocillin
  2. Piperacillin 
22
Q

Classify penicillins according to their spectrum of activity

A
  1. Natural penicillins
  2. Semi synthetic
23
Q

Names of semisynthetic penicillins

A
  1. Acid resistance penicillin
  2. Penicillinase resistant penicillin
  3. Extended spectrum penicillins
24
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of aminopencillins

A
  1. Upper respiratory infections
  2. UTI
  3. bacillary dysentery
  4. subacute bacterial endocarditis
  5. typhoid fever
25
Q

What are the adverse effects of carbenicillin sodium

A
  1. Interfere with platelet function and cause bleeding
  2. congestive cardiac failure
26
Q

Name beta - lactamase inhibitors

A
  1. Clavulanic acid
  2. Sulbactam
  3. Tazobactam
27
Q

What happens to clavulanic acid when it binds to the enzyme. what Kind of inhibitoris it called?

A

clavulanic acid itself gets an activated
suicide inhibitor

28
Q

Name Combination drugs of penicillin and beta lactamase Inhibitors

A
  1. Clavulanic acid + amoxycillin
  2. clavulanic acid + ticarcillian
  3. Sulbacatam + ampicillin
  4. Tazobacatam + piperacillin

Pharmacology ChemoTherapeutics (7 decks)

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