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Functional Anatomy and Embryology > Pelvis and Perineum > Flashcards

Pelvis and Perineum Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 main bones that make up the bony pelvis.

A 
Ischium
Ileum
Sacrum
Pubis
Coccyx
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2
Q

What are the angles of inclination of the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet?

A

Pelvic inlet - 50-60 degrees with horizontal

Pelvic outlet - 10-15% with the horizontal.

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3
Q

Why is the pelvic outlet both bony and ligamentous?

A

To enable expansion during birth.

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4
Q

What is the difference in subpubic angle between males and females?

A

Females have a larger subpubic angle to allow for birth.
Females greater than 90 degrees.
Men less than 80 degrees.

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5
Q

What are the peritoneum pouches in males and females?

A

Males:
- rectovesical pouch between the rectum and the bladder.
Females:
- rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas) between the rectum and the uterus.
- utero-vesical pouch between uterus and bladder

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6
Q

What is the function of the pelvic floor/diaphragm?

A

Supports the pelvic organs.

Separates the pelvic cavity from the external genitalia.

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7
Q

What muscles make up the pelvic floor/diaphragm?

A 
Coccygeus - lateral fibres more posterior.
Levator ani - made up of 3 muscles:
- puborectalis (from pubis to rectum)
- pubococcygeus (from pubis to coccyx)
- ilicoccygeus (from ileum to coccyx)
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8
Q

What are the muscles that make up the perineum?

A

Bulbospongiosus - central muscle
Ischiocavernosus - lateral walls of the urogenital triangle.
Transverse perineal muscle - posterior wall of the urogenital triangle.
Perineal body - where muscle merge.

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9
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

Located between inferior part of the diaphragm and perineal muscles.
Forms the superficial perineal pouch.

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10
Q

Why do the testes hang outside the body?

A

They require to be cooler than the rest of the body.

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11
Q

Name the 3 arteries in the spermatic cord.

A

Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery
Deferential artery

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12
Q

Name the 3 veins in the artery.

A

Pampiniform plexus
Cremasteric vein
Deferential vein

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13
Q

Name the 3 fascial covering of the spermatic cord and what they’re derived from.

A

External spermatic fascia - derived from external oblique
Cremaster muscle and fascia - derived from internal oblique
Internal spermatic fascia - derived from transversalis fascia.

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14
Q

Name the 3 nerves in the spermatic cord.

A

Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve - L1-L2
Ilioinguinal nerve - L1 via lumbar plexus
Autonomic nerves

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15
Q

Name 3 other structures in the spermatic cord.

A

Lymphaticss
Vas deferns
Processus vaginalis

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16
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal in females?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Ilioinguinal nerve

17
Q

What is the Rete Testis?

A

Anastomosing network of tubules in hilum of the testicle

18
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Convoluted duct behind the test.

Sperm passes through this to the vas deferens

19
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules and what are they made up of?

A

Site of germination, maturation and transportation of sperm cells within the male testes.
Made up of:
- Leydig cells - secrete testosterone
- Sertoli cells - support sperm development.

20
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

Secretes citrate - energy source for sperm motility.

Secretes enzyme to break down semen clots.

21
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicle?

A

Secrete alkaline fluid with fructose, enzymes and prostaglandins.

22
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

Secretes viscous fluid for sperm to travel in.

23
Q

What are the 3 erectile tissues of the penis?

A 
Paired corpus cavernosa.
Corpus spongiosum (contains the urethra)
24
Q

Name the 4 muscles at the root of the penis.

A

2x Bulbospongiosus - contracts to empty the spongey urethra.

2x Ischiocavernosus - contracts to force blood into the cavernous space to maintain an erection.

25
Q

How does an erection occur?

A

Stimulation from parasympathetic fibres (S2,3,4)

Causes vasodilation and increased blood flow into penis.

26
Q

How does ejaculation occur?

A

Sympathetic stimulation from L1, L2 via the pelvic plexus. Seminal vesicles and ductus deferens contracts caused sperm and excretions into urethra.
Rhythmic contraction of the bulbospongiosus muscle are controlled by branches of the pudendal nerve.

27
Q

Name the 3 layers of the uterus.

A

Endometrium (sheds during menstruation)
Myometrium - contains uterine smooth muscle.
Perimetrium - outer layer of the uterus.

28
Q

What are the finger-like projections that come off of the ovaries called? What are their function?

A

Fimbriae - sweep the ovum into the Fallopian tube

29
Q

Name the three parts of the fallopian tube from uterus to ovary.

A

Isthmus (adjacent to uterus)
Ampulla
Infundibulum (where fimbriae branch from)

30
Q

Are the ovaries intra or retero peritoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal - are surrounded by mesovarium.

31
Q

What are the 6 openings of the vestibule?

A

Urethral openings
Vaginal opening
2 ducts of the greater vestibular glands
2 ducts of the paraurethral/Skene/lesser vestibule glands.

32
Q

What nerves stimulate an erection of the clitoris?

A

Parasympathetic fibres (S2,3,4) via splanchnic nerves through the uterovaginal plexus.

33
Q

What provides somatic innervation of the pelvic organs?

A 
The pudendal nerve - S2,3,4
Pudendal nerve splits into:
- inferior rectal nerve
- perineal nerves
- posterior scrotal nerves
- dorsal nerve of the penis
34
Q

What provides autonomic innervation of the pelvic organs?

A 
Parasympathetics:
- via pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4) 
- via inferior hypogastric plexus
Sympathetics:
- via sacral sympathetic chains
- via superior and inferior hypogastric plexus
- periarterial plexus
35
Q

Outline the blood supply to the female pelvis.

A

Ovarian artery - major gonadal artery arises from aorta
Uterine artery - arises from the internal iliac
Vaginal arteries - arises from the internal iliac
Rectal arteries: superior(inferior mesenteric), middle(internal iliac), inferior(internal pudendal)

36
Q

Outline the blood supply to the male pelvis.

A

Superior and inferior vesical artery supplies bladder.
Iliolumbar artery - divides in lumbar and iliac branches. Lumbar = psoas major, quadratus lamborum. Iliac = muscles and bone around iliac fossa.
Lateral sacral arteries - supplies structures of the sacral canal.
Dorsal arteries of the penis - internal pudendal
Deep arteries of the penis - internal pudendal
Bulbourethral artery - internal pudendal

Functional Anatomy and Embryology (15 decks)

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