General Terminology and Basic Anatomy

Question 1

Name the 3 planes of the body and their positions

Answer 1

Medial - down the centre of the body splitting left and right
Transverse - cuts horizontally through the body
Coronal - cuts down the body separating front and back

Question 2

Name and describe the 6 movements that occur at a joint

Answer 2

Abduction - movement away from the midline
Adduction - movement towards the midline
Flexion - reducing the angle at a joint
Extension - increasing the angle at a joint
Internal rotation - rotation towards the midline
External rotation - rotation away from the midline

Question 3

Name 3 types of cell shape

Answer 3

Squamous - flat like paving stones
Cuboidal - roughly square
Collumnar - One long side, one narrow side

Question 4

3 types of epithelial layering

Answer 4

Simple - single layer of cells
Stratified - multiple layers
Pseudo stratified - long collumnar cells, all in contact with basal lamina

Question 5

Name 3 types of exocrine secretion

Answer 5

Merocrine - secretory vesicles
Apocrine - exocytosis
Holocrine - whole cell breaks down to secrete substance (only in sebaceous glands)

Question 6

Name and describe the 5 types of cell junctions

Answer 6

Tight Junction - Seals neighbouring cells together to prevent leakage

Gap Junction - Allows passage of small water soluble ions and moelcules

Adherens Junction - Joins actin bundles in one cell to similar bundle in neighbour.

Desmosome - Proteins: desmocollin and desmoglein. Connect intermediate filaments together.

Hemidesmosome - Simialr to desmosome but adhesion proteins are of the integrin family.

Question 7

Order and name the layers of the skin.

Answer 7

Epidermis - epithelial tissue
Dermis - contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue
Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) - layer of adipose also called superficial fascia

Question 8

Name the layers of fascia

Answer 8

Skin
Superficial fascia (adipose tissue)
Deep fascia (dense connective tissue)
Subserous fascia (between serous membranes and deep fascia)

Question 9

Name and describe the 3 serous membranes.

Answer 9

Pleura - surrounds the lungs
Pericardium - surrounds the heart
Peritoneum - surrounds intraperitoneal organs and lines the abdominal cavity.

Question 10

Name and give examples of the 5 types of soft connective tissue.

Answer 10

Mesenchyme - only found in embryo
Loose - mesentry
Dense - tendons, ligaments
Reticular - bone marrow, lymph nodes
Adipose - fat cells surround major organs for protection.

Question 11

3 major proteins in the extracellular matrix produce by fibroblasts.

Answer 11

Collagen - cannot deform. Gives tensile strength
Elastin - enables elastcity of matrix
Adhesive proteins - attachment proteins for cells.

Question 12

Describe 5 functions of bone

Answer 12

Support - rigid framework for the body
Movement - act as levers for muscles to act upon.
Protection - e.g. ribcage protect heart and lungs.
Haemopioesis - production of blood cells in bone marrow.
Storage - calcium and phosphorus

Question 13

Example of a long bone

Answer 13

Humerus, femus, ulna, radius, fibia, tibular

Question 14

Example of flat bone

Answer 14

Scapula
Sternum
Ribs
Skull
Ilium(pelvis)

Question 15

Example of irregular bone

Answer 15

Vertebrae, pelvis

Question 16

Example of sesamoid bone

Answer 16

Patella

Question 17

Name and describe the 3 types of fibrous joint

Answer 17

Sutures - found only between skull bones
Syndesmoses - two bony compartments united by interasseous membrane
Gomphosis - found only between teeth and jaw