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Pelvis Flashcards

0
Q

What makes a good pelvis for childbirth?

A 
straight side walls
well rounded inlet
round greater sciatic notch
supra-pubic angle >90
ischial spines not too prominent 
rounded sacrum
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1
Q

What is the pelvis made up of (bones)?

A 
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Sacrum
Coccyx
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2
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

The lesser pelvis - because this is used for childbirth

The greater pelvis mearly holds the uterus in labour

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3
Q

What would you measure in clinical assessment of the pelvis?

A 
antero-postero diameter 
distance between ischial spines 
distance between ischial tuberosities 
straight side walls 
the diagonal conjugate
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4
Q

Why do you measure the diagonal conjugate rather than the obstetric conjugate and what is it?

A

This is because the mid pubic symphysis cannot be palpated but inferior to it can and this is where the diagonal conjugate ends
They both start at the sacal prominitory and give an estimate of pubic diameter

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5
Q

what are the ligaments at the pelvic outlet?

A

Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous

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6
Q

Why can the ligaments of the pelvis stretch?

A

Because progesterone makes them soft

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7
Q

What is different between the male pelvis and female?

A

Not designed for childbirth, therefore it is narrower, pubic arch is narrower, the ischial spines are more prominent and the greater sciatic notch is less rounded

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8
Q

What is the perineum?

A

A diamond shaped structure located in the pelvis at the pelvic outlet between the thighs

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9
Q

What are the anatomical borders of the perineum?

A

bony borders..
anterior - pubic symphysis
posterior - coccyx
middle - imaginary line between ischial tuberosities
lateral - ischiopubic rami and the sacrotuberous ligament

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10
Q

What can the perineum be split into?

A

Anterior and posterior triangles

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11
Q

What are the surface borders of the perineum?

A

anterior - mons pubis or base of penis
posterior - intragluteal cleft
lateral - thighs

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12
Q

What are the contents of the anal triangle?

A

anal spinchter
anal appeture
ischioanal fossa

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13
Q

What is the function of the ischioanal fossa?

A

Contains connective tissue which expands with defecation

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14
Q

What are the contents of the urogenital triangle?

A 
Superior perineal pouch
Superior perineal fascia
Perineal membrane
Deep perineal pouch
Deep perineal fascia
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15
Q

What is the deep perineal pouch?

A

contains bulbourethral glands of male
external urethral spinchter
urethra

16
Q

What is the deep perineal fascia?

A

Covers perineal membrane

Deep fascia

17
Q

What is the function of the superficial perineal pouch?

A

It contains the erectile tissues and the bulbospongiosum, perineal muscles and ischiocavernosus
Also bartholins glands

18
Q

What is the function of the superficial perineal fascia?

A

Continuous with abdominal fascia and also contains the mons pubis of the female and labia majora

19
Q

What is the function of the perineal membrane?

A

It acts as an attachment for muscles

20
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

A mass of connective tissue between the urogential and anal triangles
Acts as a site of attachment of the levator ani muscles, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongious, perineal muscles and urethral and anal spinchters.
In women it is significant in childbirth

21
Q

What is the nerve supply to the perineum?

A

Pudendal nerve S2-S4

22
Q

What is the arterial supply of the perineum?

A

Internal pudendal artery

23
Q

What is the function of the batholins glands?

A

they make the vagina moist

24
Q

What causes a blocked bartholins gland?

A

Staph or E. coli - skin bacteria and they can swell

25
Q

What is an epiostomy?

A

This is an incision in childbirth which avoids tearing of the perineal body and is done into the vagina mucosa and submucosa

26
Q

What is the pelvic floor?

A

This seperates the perineum and the pelvic contents

It is a diaphragm of muscle made up of levator ani muscles and coccygeus

27
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic floor?

A

Obtruator internus and piriformis
Coccyx
Pubic and Ischium

28
Q

What are the two openings into the pelvic floor?

A

Rectal hiatus

Urogenital hiatus

29
Q

What are the levator ani muscles?

A

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
.. coccygeus isnt but it does make up pelvic floor

30
Q

What are the functions of the pelvic floor?

A

Continence
Resist increases in intra abdominal pressure
Support the visceral organs

31
Q

What can happen to the pelvic floor?

A

Prolapse

32
Q

What increases the chances of prolapse?

A 
Chronic cough - lung disease
family history
age
weight
number of vaginal deliveries
33
Q

What can you do to try and prevent pelvic floor prolapse?

A

pelvic floor exercises

34
Q

What can injury to the pelvic floor cause?

A

Prolapse
pudendal nerve injury
urinary incontinence
anal incontinence

Reproduction (14 decks)

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