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Female anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

What can the broad ligament be subdivided into?

A

mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium

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1
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

It covers the ovary, Fallopian tubes and uterus

Flat double peritoneum

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2
Q

What does the mesometrium cover?

A

uterus
round ligament
external iliac vessels

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3
Q

What does the mesovarian cover?

A

The hilum of the ovary

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4
Q

What does the mesosalpinx cover?

A

The Fallopian tubes

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5
Q

What other ligaments are suspended within the broad ligament?

A

Ovarian ligament proper
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Round ligament of the uterus

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6
Q

What is the round ligament of the uterus a remnant of?

A

Gubernaculum

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7
Q

What does the round ligament attach?

A

The uterus to the labia majora
It attaches to the uterine horns and to the labia majora
Passes through the inguinal canal

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8
Q

What is the ovarian ligament?

A

This attaches the ovary to the lateral border of the uterus

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9
Q

What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

This attaches the lateral abdominal wall to the ovary

Encloses the uterine artery, vein, nerve plexus and lymph vessels

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10
Q

What are the ligaments associated with the uterus?

A

Transverse/cardinal ligaments which attach to the abdominal wall and house the uterine arteries and veins
Pubocervical ligament which attaches to pubic bone
Uterosacral ligament which attaches to sacrum

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11
Q

Why might the cardinal ligaments be removed?

A

With a hysterectomy as they are a common site for metastasis to spread

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12
Q

What is the term for the female external genitalia?

A

Vulva

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13
Q

What is the function of the vulva?

A

Intercourse
Prevent infection
Assist in micturation

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14
Q

What is the mons pubis?

A

The area of the female external at the top where pubic hair grows

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15
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

Area between surrounding labia

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16
Q

What is the vascular supply to the vulva?

A

Internal pudendal arteries

Pudendal veins

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17
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the vulva?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

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18
Q

What is the innervation of the vulva?

A 
Pudendal 
Perineal branch of pudendal
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh 
Iliolinguinal  
Genitofemoral
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19
Q

What does HPV dispose someone to?

A

Dysplasia and therefore cancer

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20
Q

What is the vagina?

A

9cm distensible, muscular tube

connects external genitalia to the cervix

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21
Q

What are the functions of the vagina?

A

To allow menses
To allow childbirth
To allow intercourse

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22
Q

What is the position of the vagina?

A

Anterior to rectum
Posterior to bladder
Lateral to urethra and uterine artery

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23
Q

What are the 3 main types of vaginal fistula?

A

Vesicovaginal - bladder and vagina
Rectovagina - rectum and vagina
Ureterovaginal - ureter and vagina

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24
Q

What are the 4 layers of the vagina?

A

Epithelia - stratified squamous
Lamina propria
Fibromuscular layer - inner circ and outer longitudinal
Adventitia

25
Q

What can encourage vaginal infections?

A

Excessive oestrogens due to:
- DM
- Pregnancy
Reduction in lactobacilli

26
Q

What is the vascular supply to the vagina?

A

Vaginal branch of the internal iliac artery
Internal iliac veins
Iliac and superficial inguinal lymph nodes

27
Q

What is the innervation of the vagina?

A

Uterovaginal nerve plexus
Inferior hypogastric nerve plexus
Pelvic splanchnic nerves

28
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Distal portion of the uterus

Connects vagina to uterus

29
Q

What are the 2 ends of the cervix called?

A

Internal os and external os

Endocervix and ectocervix

30
Q

What are the functions of the cervix?

A

Prevention of infection

Allows sperm into uterine cavity

31
Q

What is the vasculature of the cervix?

A

Uterine artery and vein

Inguinal, sacral, aortic and iliac lymph nodes

32
Q

What is cervicitis?

A

Inflammation of the cervix, most commonly due to gonorrhoea and chlamydia

33
Q

What are the two types of cervical cancer?

A

Squamous cell

Adenocarcinoma

34
Q

What are the main parts of the uterus?

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

35
Q

What is the position of the uterus?

A

Anteverted to Vagina

Antiflexed to Cervix

36
Q

What can happen with a retroverted uterus?

A

Prolapse into the vagina

37
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

Perineum
Myometrium
Endometrium

38
Q

What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?

A

Basal layer - doesnt change much but is stem cell layer

Functional layer - proliferates and changes with the menstrual cycle

39
Q

What is the vascular supply of the uterus?

A

Uterine artery and veins

Iliac, aortic, inguinal and sacral lymph nodes

40
Q

What is a hysterectomy?

A

Removal of the uterus due to carcinoma

41
Q

What should a surgeon be aware of when performing a hysterectomy?

A

The uterine artery - 1cm away from the internal os

42
Q

What is the innervation of the uterus?

A

Hypogastric plexus

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

43
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial tissue in other regions which undergo proliferative changes and shed during menses - causes bleeding and often a cyst and leads to fertility problems

44
Q

What are fibroids?

A

Benign lesions of the endometrium which occur during the menopause or due to ocp or pregnancy

45
Q

What is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract?

A

Endometrial carcinoma

46
Q

What is the function of the uterine tubes?

A

To pass the ova
Transport of sperm
Peristalsis

47
Q

What are the parts of the uterine tubes?

A

Fimbria
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

48
Q

What is the vascular supply of the uterine tubes?

A

Uterine arteries and ovarian arteries

uterine and ovarian veins

49
Q

What is the lymph drainage of the uterine tubes?

A

Aortic, iliac, sacral

50
Q

What is the innervation of the uterine tubes?

A

Ovarian and uterine plexuses

51
Q

What is saplingitis?

A

Inflammation of the uterine tubes

52
Q

How can sperm get into the Fallopian tubes, even though the blockage causes an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Sperm can get past the blockage because theyre small

53
Q

How can ligation of the Fallopian tubes be done?

A

Laparoscopy

Open abdominal via a suprapubic inscision

54
Q

What are the main functions of the ovary?

A

oocyte production

endocrine gland

55
Q

What are the components of the ovary?

A

Fibrous layer
Cortex
Medulla
Hilum

56
Q

What is the cortex made from?

A

Stroma and follicles

57
Q

What is the medulla made up from?

A

Rich vascular network

Stroma

58
Q

How can ovarian cysts develop?

A

From follicles
Develop during child bearing years
Most are benign

59
Q

What are most germ cell tumours?

A

Teratomas

60
Q

What is the vascular supply of the ovary?

A

Ovarian arteries and ovarian veins
Left ovarian drain drains into renal
Right ovarian drains into the IVC

61
Q

What is the innervation of the ovaries?

A

Ovarian and uterine plexuses

Reproduction (14 decks)

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