Female anatomy Flashcards by Chelsea Redclift

What can the broad ligament be subdivided into?

mesovarium
mesosalpinx
mesometrium

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What is the broad ligament?

It covers the ovary, Fallopian tubes and uterus

Flat double peritoneum

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What does the mesometrium cover?

uterus
round ligament
external iliac vessels

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What does the mesovarian cover?

The hilum of the ovary

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What does the mesosalpinx cover?

The Fallopian tubes

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What other ligaments are suspended within the broad ligament?

Ovarian ligament proper
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Round ligament of the uterus

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What is the round ligament of the uterus a remnant of?

Gubernaculum

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What does the round ligament attach?

The uterus to the labia majora
It attaches to the uterine horns and to the labia majora
Passes through the inguinal canal

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What is the ovarian ligament?

This attaches the ovary to the lateral border of the uterus

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What is the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

This attaches the lateral abdominal wall to the ovary

Encloses the uterine artery, vein, nerve plexus and lymph vessels

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What are the ligaments associated with the uterus?

Transverse/cardinal ligaments which attach to the abdominal wall and house the uterine arteries and veins
Pubocervical ligament which attaches to pubic bone
Uterosacral ligament which attaches to sacrum

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Why might the cardinal ligaments be removed?

With a hysterectomy as they are a common site for metastasis to spread

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What is the term for the female external genitalia?

Vulva

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What is the function of the vulva?

Intercourse
Prevent infection
Assist in micturation

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What is the mons pubis?

The area of the female external at the top where pubic hair grows

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What is the vestibule?

Area between surrounding labia

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What is the vascular supply to the vulva?

Internal pudendal arteries

Pudendal veins

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What is the lymph drainage of the vulva?

Superficial inguinal nodes

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What is the innervation of the vulva?

Pudendal 
Perineal branch of pudendal
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh 
Iliolinguinal  
Genitofemoral

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What does HPV dispose someone to?

Dysplasia and therefore cancer

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What is the vagina?

9cm distensible, muscular tube

connects external genitalia to the cervix

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What are the functions of the vagina?

To allow menses
To allow childbirth
To allow intercourse

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What is the position of the vagina?

Anterior to rectum
Posterior to bladder
Lateral to urethra and uterine artery

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What are the 3 main types of vaginal fistula?

Vesicovaginal - bladder and vagina
Rectovagina - rectum and vagina
Ureterovaginal - ureter and vagina

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What are the 4 layers of the vagina?

Epithelia - stratified squamous Lamina propria Fibromuscular layer - inner circ and outer longitudinal Adventitia

What can encourage vaginal infections?

Excessive oestrogens due to: - DM - Pregnancy Reduction in lactobacilli

What is the vascular supply to the vagina?

Vaginal branch of the internal iliac artery Internal iliac veins Iliac and superficial inguinal lymph nodes

What is the innervation of the vagina?

Uterovaginal nerve plexus Inferior hypogastric nerve plexus Pelvic splanchnic nerves

What is the cervix?

Distal portion of the uterus | Connects vagina to uterus

What are the 2 ends of the cervix called?

Internal os and external os | Endocervix and ectocervix

What are the functions of the cervix?

Prevention of infection | Allows sperm into uterine cavity

What is the vasculature of the cervix?

Uterine artery and vein | Inguinal, sacral, aortic and iliac lymph nodes

What is cervicitis?

Inflammation of the cervix, most commonly due to gonorrhoea and chlamydia

What are the two types of cervical cancer?

Squamous cell | Adenocarcinoma

What are the main parts of the uterus?

Fundus Body Cervix

What is the position of the uterus?

Anteverted to Vagina | Antiflexed to Cervix

What can happen with a retroverted uterus?

Prolapse into the vagina

What are the layers of the uterus?

Perineum Myometrium Endometrium

What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?

Basal layer - doesnt change much but is stem cell layer | Functional layer - proliferates and changes with the menstrual cycle

What is the vascular supply of the uterus?

Uterine artery and veins | Iliac, aortic, inguinal and sacral lymph nodes

What is a hysterectomy?

Removal of the uterus due to carcinoma

What should a surgeon be aware of when performing a hysterectomy?

The uterine artery - 1cm away from the internal os

What is the innervation of the uterus?

Hypogastric plexus | Pelvic splanchnic nerves

What is endometriosis?

Endometrial tissue in other regions which undergo proliferative changes and shed during menses - causes bleeding and often a cyst and leads to fertility problems

What are fibroids?

Benign lesions of the endometrium which occur during the menopause or due to ocp or pregnancy

What is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract?

Endometrial carcinoma

What is the function of the uterine tubes?

To pass the ova Transport of sperm Peristalsis

What are the parts of the uterine tubes?

Fimbria Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus

What is the vascular supply of the uterine tubes?

Uterine arteries and ovarian arteries | uterine and ovarian veins

What is the lymph drainage of the uterine tubes?

Aortic, iliac, sacral

What is the innervation of the uterine tubes?

Ovarian and uterine plexuses

What is saplingitis?

Inflammation of the uterine tubes

How can sperm get into the Fallopian tubes, even though the blockage causes an ectopic pregnancy?

Sperm can get past the blockage because theyre small

How can ligation of the Fallopian tubes be done?

Laparoscopy | Open abdominal via a suprapubic inscision

What are the main functions of the ovary?

oocyte production | endocrine gland

What are the components of the ovary?

Fibrous layer Cortex Medulla Hilum

What is the cortex made from?

Stroma and follicles

What is the medulla made up from?

Rich vascular network | Stroma

How can ovarian cysts develop?

From follicles Develop during child bearing years Most are benign

What are most germ cell tumours?

Teratomas

What is the vascular supply of the ovary?

Ovarian arteries and ovarian veins Left ovarian drain drains into renal Right ovarian drains into the IVC

What is the innervation of the ovaries?

Ovarian and uterine plexuses