Pelvic Walls, Floor and Contents - Male

Question 1

What are the differences between the general structure, greater pelvis and letter pelvis of the male and female?

Answer 1

MALE
General structure - thick and heavy
Greater pelvis - deep
Lesser pelvis - narrow and deep

FEMALE
General structure - thin and light
Greater pelvis - shallow
Lesser pelvis - wide and shallow

Question 2

What parts of the pelvis are the true and false pelvis?

Answer 2

True pelvis = lesser pelvis

False pelvis = greater pelvis

Question 3

What are the differences between the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet of the male and female?

Answer 3

MALE
Pelvic inlet - heart shaped
Pelvic outlet - comparatively small

FEMALE
Pelvic inlet - oval and rounded
Pelvic outlet - comparatively large

Question 4

What are the difference between the sub-pubic angle, obturator foramen and acetabulum of the male and female pelvis?

Answer 4

MALE
Sub-pubic angle - narrow
Obturator foramen - round
Acetabulum - large

FEMALE
Sub-pubic angle - wide
Obturator foramen - oval
Acetabulum - small

Question 5

What are the articulation of the pelvic bones?

Answer 5

Sacroiliac joint
Pubic symphysis
Hip joint

Question 6

What are the components of the pelvic bone?

Answer 6

Ilium
Pubis
Ischium

Question 7

What is the name given to the socket formed by the fusion of the ilium, pubis and ischium?

Answer 7

Acetabulum

Question 8

At what age does the acetabulum become complete?

Answer 8

20-25 years old

Question 9

What does the acetabulum provide?

Answer 9

Articulation with the head of the femur to form he hip joint

Question 10

What part of the pelvic bone is the ilium, and what are its features?

Answer 10

Superior part

Widest and largest of the three parts

Question 11

What forms the superior part of the acetabulum?

Answer 11

Body of the ilium

Question 12

What is the inner concave surface of the ilium known as? What does it provide origin to?

Answer 12

Iliac fossa

Provides origin to the iliac muscle

Question 13

What does the external surface of the ilium provide attachment to?

Answer 13

Gluteal muscles

Question 14

Why is the anterior superior iliac spin an important anatomical landmark?

Answer 14

Halfway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis the femoral artery can be palpated
Midpoint of inguinal ligament is located halfway between ASIS and pubic tubercle

Question 15

What is the most anterior portion of the pelvic bone? What are its features?

Answer 15

Pubis

Body, superior ramus, inferior ramus

Question 16

What does the body of the pubis articulate with?

Answer 16

The opposite pubic body at the pubic symphysis

Question 17

The superior ramus of the pubis extends laterally from the body to form part of what?

Answer 17

The acetabulum

Question 18

The two rami of the pubis enclose what?

Answer 18

Part of the obturator foramen through which obturator nerve, artery and vein pass to reach the lower limb

Question 19

What forms the postero-inferior part of the pelvic bone? What are its features?

Answer 19

Ischium

Body, inferior ramus, superior ramus

Question 20

The inferior ramus of the ischium combines the th inferior pubic ramus to form what?

Answer 20

Isciopubic ramus, which encloses part of obturator foramen

Question 21

On the posterior aspect of the ischium there is an infestation known as

Answer 21

the greater sciatic notch

Question 22

The sacrospinus ligament runs from the ischial spine to the sacrum, creating

Answer 22

the greater sciatic foramen, through which the lower limb neurovasculature travels

Question 23

The sacrotuberous ligament runs from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity, forming the

Answer 23

lesser sciatic foramen

Question 24

What are the components of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 24

Two pelvic bones
Sacrum
Coccyx

Question 25

What are the articulation of the pelvic girdle with the pelvis?

Answer 25

Sacroiliac joints Sacrococcygeal symphysis Pubic symphysis

Question 26

What are the functions of the pelvis?

Answer 26

Transfer of weight from upper axial skeleton to the lower appendicular components Provides attachment for muscles and ligaments Contains and protects the abdominopelvic and pelvic viscera

Question 27

What is the greater pelvis?

Answer 27

Superior portion of the pelvis (false pelvis) which provides support to the lower abdominal viscera

Question 28

What is the lesser pelvis?

Answer 28

The inferior (true) portion of the pelvis, pelvic cavity and pelvic viscera lie in this

Question 29

What is the pelvic inlet?

Answer 29

The junction between the greater and lesser pelvis

Question 30

What are the borders of the pelvic inlet?

Answer 30

Sacral promontory Arcuate line and pectineal line Pubic symphysis

Question 31

What is the linea terminalis?

Answer 31

Combined pectineal line, arcuate line and sacral promontory

Question 32

What is the iliopectineal line?

Answer 32

Combined arcuate and pectineal lines

Question 33

What are the borders of the pelvic outlet?

Answer 33

Tip of coccyx Ischial tuberosities and inferior margin of sacrotuberous ligament Pubic arch

Question 34

Most women have a gynaecoid pelvis as opposed to what?

Answer 34

The male android pelvis

Question 35

What is the pelvic floor?

Answer 35

Muscular structure which attaches to the walls of the lesser pelvis and separates the pelvic cavity from the inferior perineum

Question 36

What gaps are in the pelvic floor in order to allow for urination and defection?

Answer 36

``` Urogenital hiatus (anterior gap, urethra and vagina in females) Rectal hiatus (central gap, anal canal passage) ```

Question 37

What lies between the urogenital hiatus and rectal hiatus?

Answer 37

Perineal body

Question 38

What are the functions of the pelvic floor muscles?

Answer 38

Support of abdominopelvic viscera Resistance to increases in intra-pelvic and intra-abdominal pressure Maintaining urinary and faecal continence

Question 39

What action do the muscles of the pelvic floor have on the rectum and urethra?

Answer 39

Sphincter action - relax to allow urination and defaecation

Question 40

What are the components of the pelvic floor?

Answer 40

Levator ani muscles Coccygeaus muscles Fascial coverings of the muscles

Question 41

What is the innervation of the levator ani muscles?

Answer 41

Branches of pudendal nerve - roots S2, S3 and S4

Question 42

What are the levator ani muscles?

Answer 42

Broad sheet of muscle composed of three separate paired muscles; Pubococcygeus Puborectalis Iliococcygeus

Question 43

What is the anterior attachment of the levator ani muscles to the pelvis?

Answer 43

Pubic bodies of hip bone

Question 44

What is the lateral attachment of the levator ani muscles to the pelvis?

Answer 44

Thickened fascia of the obturator internus muscle

Question 45

What is the posterior attachment of the levator ani muscles to the pelvic?

Answer 45

Ischial spines of hip bone

Question 46

What are the two main functions of the penis?

Answer 46

Micturition | Sexual intercourse

Question 47

What are the four muscles located in the root of the penis?

Answer 47

2 x bulbospongiosus muscles | 2 x ischiocavernosus muscles

Question 48

What are the supporting ligaments of the penis?

Answer 48

Suspensory ligament | Fundiform ligament

Question 49

What is the innervation of the penis?

Answer 49

S2-S4 spinal cord segments and spinal ganglia Sensory and sympathetic innervation to skin and glans supplied by dorsal nerve of penis Parasympathetic innervation by cavernous nerves from prostatic nerve plexus

Question 50

What are the roles of the testes and epididymis?

Answer 50

Testes - site of sperm production and hormone synthesis | Epididymis - role in sperm storage

Question 51

Where are spermatozoa produced?

Answer 51

Seminiferous tubules

Question 52

What are the coverings of the testes?

Answer 52

Tunica vaginalis | Tunica albuginea

Question 53

What is the innervation of the testes and epididymis?

Answer 53

Testicular plexus

Question 54

What is the blood supply of the penis?

Answer 54

Dorsal arteries of penis, deep arteries of penis and bulbourethral branch (all branches of internal pudendal artery)

Question 55

What is the blood supply of the testes and epididymis?

Answer 55

Paired testicular arteries (arise from abdominal aorta)

Question 56

What is the venous drainage of the testes and epididymis?

Answer 56

Paired testicular veins

Question 57

Where do the left and right testicular veins drain?

Answer 57

Left drains into the left renal vein | Right drains directly into the IVC

Question 58

What is the lymphatic drainage of the testes and epididymis?

Answer 58

Lumbar and para-aortic nodes

Question 59

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

Answer 59

Superficial inguinal nodes

Question 60

What are the contents of the scrotum?

Answer 60

Testes Epididymis Spermatic cord

Question 61

What is the arterial supply of the scrotum?

Answer 61

Posterior and anterior scrotal arteries

Question 62

What is the venous drainage of the scrotum?

Answer 62

Scrotal veins

Question 63

What is the cutaneous innervation of the scrotum?

Answer 63

Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve Anterior scrotal nerves Posterior scrotal nerves Perineal branches of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

Question 64

What are the contents of the spermatic cord?

Answer 64

``` Testicular artery Cremaster artery and vein Artery to vas deferens Pampiniform plexus of testicular veins Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve Vas deferens Lymph vessels Processus vaginalis Autonomic nerves ```

Question 65

What is the pampiniform plexus?

Answer 65

Network of veins responsible for venous drainage of the testes Also acts as heat exchanger, cooling arterial blood before it reaches the testes

Question 66

What is the vas deferens?

Answer 66

Straight, thick muscular tube that conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

Question 67

What are the bulbourethral glands?

Answer 67

Pair of exocrine glands located posterolateral to the membranous urethra which contribute to final volume of semen

Question 68

What are the bulbourethral glands derived from embryologically?

Answer 68

Urogenital sinus

Question 69

What are the seminal vesicles?

Answer 69

Pair of glands found in the pelvis which function to produce some constituents of semen, providing 70% of total volume

Question 70

The ducts of the seminal vesicles combine with the vas deferens to form what?

Answer 70

Ejaculatory duct

Question 71

What is a haematocele?

Answer 71

Collection of blood in the tunica vaginalis

Question 72

What is a hydrocele?

Answer 72

Collection of serous fluid within the tunica vaginalis

Question 73

What is a varicocele?

Answer 73

Gross dilation of the veins draining the testes

Question 74

What is epididymitis?

Answer 74

Inflammation of the epididymis

Question 75

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

Answer 75

Enlargement of prostate without presence of malignancy