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Reproductive System > Maternal and Perinatal Mortality > Flashcards

Maternal and Perinatal Mortality Flashcards

1
Q

What was the number of global maternal deaths in 2013?

A

289,000

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2
Q

What percentage of cases of maternal mortality and morbidity are in less developed countries?

A

> 99%

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3
Q

What percentage of maternal mortality and morbidity is preventable?

A

> 80%

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4
Q

What number of women experience severe maternal morbidity?

A

> 20 million

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5
Q

How is maternal health a public health indicator?

A

Greatest gap is between rich and poor countries

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6
Q

What problems of measurement is maternal health subject to?

A

Subject to technical and operational problems

  • under-reporting
  • mis-classification
  • incomplete vital registration
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7
Q

What is maternal mortality?

A

The death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes

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8
Q

What is maternal morbidity?

A

Severe health complications occurring in pregnancy and delivery, not resulting in death

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9
Q

What is the maternal mortality ratio?

A

Number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period

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10
Q

What is the maternal mortality rate?

A

Number of maternal deaths in a given time period per 100,000 women of reproductive age, or woman-years of risk exposure in the same period

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11
Q

What is the lifetime risk of maternal death?

A

Probability of maternal death during woman’s reproductive life, usually expressed in terms of odds

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12
Q

What is the proportionate mortality ratio?

A

Maternal deaths as proportion of all female deaths of those of reproductive age - usually defined as 15-19 years - in a given time period

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13
Q

What does maternal mortality ratio represent?

A

The risk associated with each pregnancy i.e. the obstetric risk

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14
Q

What does maternal mortality ratio take into account?

A

Not only the obstetric risk but also the frequency with which women are exposed to that risk

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15
Q

What are the facility based methods for measuring maternal deaths?

A 
Health information systems 
Registries
Confidential enquiries 
Maternal death review 
Audit - critical incident audit, criterion based clinical audit
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16
Q

What are the population/community base methods for measuring maternal deaths?

A

Notification by law
Vital registration
Census
Surveys or surveillance

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17
Q

What are direct maternal deaths?

A

Defined as those related to obstetric complications during pregnancy, labour or puerperium or resulting from any treatment received

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18
Q

What are indirect maternal deaths?

A

Those associated with a disorder, the effect of which is exacerbated by pregnancy

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19
Q

What are late maternal deaths?

A

Occur 42 or more days after the end of the pregnancy but within 1 year

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20
Q

What are some causes of maternal deaths?

A 
Sepsis and other maternal infections 
Complications of unsafe abortion 
Haemorrhage 
Indirect causes 
Hypertensive disorders 
Obstructed labour 
Other maternal conditions 
Underlying causes e.g. malnutrition
21
Q

What are the components of the 3 delays model?

A

Delay in decision to seek care
Delay in reaching care
Delay in receiving care

22
Q

What might result in delay in decision to seek care?

A

Lack of understanding of complications
Acceptance of maternal death
Socio-cultural barriers to seeking care
Low social status of women

23
Q

What might result in delay in reaching care?

A

Mountains, islands, rivers - physical barriers, poor organisation

24
Q

What might result in delay in receiving care?

A

Supplies, personnel
Poorly trained personnel with punitive attitude
Finances

25
Q

How can we prevent maternal mortality?

A 
Antenatal care 
- 4 visits 
- monitoring weight, BP and proteinuria
- folic acid
- malaria treatment/prevention 
Skilled attendant at birth 
Access to emergency obstetric care
- clean delivery 
- active management of 3rd stage of labour 
- parenteral antibiotics/oxytocics/magnesium sulphate 
- manual removal of placenta/products of conception
- blood transfusion 
- Caesarean section/operative delivery
26
Q

What is the sustainable development goal 3.1?

A

By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births

27
Q

What is the sustainable development goal 5.2?

A

Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

28
Q

What is the sustainable development goal 5.6?

A

Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights

29
Q

Currently, what are the two key aspects of the continuum of maternal care?

A

Ensuring maternal health needs with a life cycle approach

Providing maternal health care at the household, community and institutional level

30
Q

Who should be present at every delivery?

A

A qualified health worker

31
Q

What are the priorities for achieving sustainable development goals related to maternal health?

A

Prioritise quality maternal health services that respond to the local specificities of need and meet emerging challenges
Promote equity through universal coverage of quality maternal health services, including for the most vulnerable women
Increase the resilience and strength of health systems by optimising the health workforce, and improve facility capability
Guarantee sustainable finances for maternal-perinatal health
Accelerate progress through evidence, advocacy and accountability

32
Q

What is stillbirth?

A

Birth of a dead baby after 20/24/28 weeks of gestation or weighing more than 500 grams

33
Q

What is early neonatal death?

A

Death of a baby within the first week of life

34
Q

What is late neonatal death?

A

Death of a baby within the first 28 days of life

35
Q

What is perinatal mortality?

A

Includes stillbirth and neonatal mortality

36
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

Death of an infant within the first year of life

37
Q

What is child mortality?

A

Death of a child within the first 5 years of life

38
Q

What is the stillbirth rate?

A

Number of stillbirths per 1000 births

39
Q

What is the neonatal mortality rate?

A

Number of deaths within the first 28 days per 1000 live births

40
Q

What is the infant morality rate?

A

Number of deaths under 1 year per 1000 live births

41
Q

What is the under 5 mortality rate?

A

Number of deaths between birth and 5 years of age per 1000 live births

42
Q

How many children under the age of 5 died in 2015?

A

5.9 million

43
Q

Children in Sub-Saharan Africa are how many times more likely to die before the age of 5 than children in developed regions?

A

14 times more likely

44
Q

How can we prevent infant morality?

A

Antenatal care mitigated through healthcare providers
Intranatal care mitigated through skilled attendance at delivery
Postnatal care mitigated through healthcare providers and mothers/relatives
Early identification of danger signs during intranatal care and postnatal care
Targeted interventions for cyclicality of neonatal deaths in scarred families
Behaviour change, communications and counselling

45
Q

What is essential new born care?

A

Ensuring baby is breathing
Starting newborn on exclusive breastfeeding right away
Keeping the baby warm
Washing hands before touching the baby

46
Q

What is MDG goal 4?

A

2/3rds reduction in child mortality by 2015

47
Q

Between 1990 and 2015, how many of the 195 countries met the MDG 4?

A

62 of the 195

48
Q

What is the SDG 3.2?

A

End preventable deaths of newborns and under 5 children by 2030
Target of under 5 mortality of 25 or less per 1000 live births by 2030

49
Q

What are the components of the early newborn action plan?

A

Strengthen and invest in care during labour, delivery and first week of life
Improve quality of maternal and newborn care
Reach every woman and newborn to reduce inequities
Harness the power of parents, families and communities
Count every newborn - measurement, programme tracking and accountability

Reproductive System (33 decks)

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