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Anatomy > Pelvic Organs > Flashcards

Pelvic Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Bones of the pelvic cavity include…

A
  • Pelvic bones (2)
  • Sacrum
  • Coccyx
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2
Q

What bones form the bowl shape of the pelvis?

A

Poteriorly: the sacrum

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3
Q

Each pelvic bone is made up of 3 fused bones

A
  • Ilium
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
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4
Q

In anatomical position, what makes a flat plan horizontally?

A
  • Ilium

- Pubis

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5
Q

What can you palpate from pelvis?

A

Asis and you can feel the public symphysis

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6
Q

When do they pelvic bones fuse together at the junction of all 3 bones?

A

Teenage Years

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7
Q

Externally (laterally)- is the cup shaped depression CALLED?? of the bone where theres a midline fusion between the 3 bones and attachment site for femur bone

A

Acetabuluum

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8
Q

Posteriorly, the 2 pelvic bones are connected to the sacrum at the…

A

Sacro-Iliac Joint

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9
Q

Anteriorly, the 2 pelvic bones are connected to the sacrum at the…

A

Pubic Symphysis by dense fibrocartilage

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10
Q

The pelvis is tilted in what direction? why?

A

Anteriorly- so that the ASIS and pubic tubercles are in the same verticle plane

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11
Q

___ is the thickening of the external oblique upon Neurosis

A

inguinal ligament

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12
Q

Pubic Angle

A

the angle formed by the 2 pubic bones at ischiopuvic rami (pubic arch) anteriorly

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13
Q

Pelvic Inlet is formed by…

A

“circle” formed by the sacral promontory, ala of sacram, and linea terminalis of pelvis

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14
Q

Pelvic inlet seperates…

A

True and False pelvis

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15
Q

Gender differences on pelvis

A
  • pelvic inlet in females can be more larger and circular to acoomidate childbirth
    • males more narrow heart shape
    • angle in women is wider VS in meale pelvic which is narrrower (finerangles)
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16
Q

Pelvic Brim

A
  • pelvic inlet separated by line on sacrum and pelvic bones (called PELVIC BRIM)
  • brim can be felt when you look at the pelvis
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17
Q

What is above and below pelvic inlet?

A

above it, still encased by pelvic bones is whats called false pevlis bc its still abdominal cavity– below it is true pevlis

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18
Q

What is the abdominal cavity continuous with inferiorly

A

the pelvic cavity

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19
Q

False Pelvis (greater pelvis)-where is it, what surrounds it, what does it contain

A

above the pelvic inlet

  • surrounded by wings of the ilium
  • contains digestive organs
  • part of abdominal cavity
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20
Q

True Pelvis (lesser pelvis) where is it, what surrounds it, what does it contain

A

below the pelvic inlet

  • has pelvic outlet
  • part of pelvic cavity
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21
Q

What is the linea terminalis

A

Ridge on pelvic bones themselves

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22
Q

Is there a barrier between greater and lesser pelvis?

A

NO- so organs can cross between them

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23
Q

Pelvic Outlet

A

Inferior border of pelvic cavity- pelvic outlet is space marked out by bone and ligaments

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24
Q

What physical barrier prevent pelvic organs from falling out?

A

Muscles of pelvic floor

if damaged, pelvic organs will fall out thru bottom of pelvis

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25
Q

Boundaries of the true pelvis

A
  • superior pelvic inlet
  • circumferential pelvic wall
  • inferior pelvic outlet
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26
Q

Superior pelvic inlet

A

imaginary plane formed by bony ridges- imaginary plan around top of sacrum and linea terminalis

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27
Q

Circumferential Pelvic Wall

A

Lateral border- includes Sacrum, coccyx, pelvic bones, muscles and ligaments

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28
Q

What muscles are found in circumferential pelvic wall

A

Obturator Internus and periformus muscle

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29
Q

Obturator Internus:

A

muscle that sits on inside of obturator membrane- is border for pelvis then it goes out to attach w femur to participate in movements of femur

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30
Q

Piriformis muscle:

A

Starts inside sacrum of pelvis then moves out of pelvic cavity thru great sciatic notch and attaches to femur

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31
Q

What ligaments are found in Circumferential Pelvic Wall and help attach sacrum to pelvis

A

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

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32
Q

Sacrospinous Ligament

A

attaches to sacrum and also to the ischial tuberosity- v strong and important support that helps attach sacrum to pelvic bone

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33
Q

Sacrotuberous ligaments

A

runs from sacrum to spine of ischium

both cross each other

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34
Q

Whats special about sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

A

Ligaments cross greater and lesser sciatic notch by making them into openings (foramena)

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35
Q

Inferior pelvic outlet

A

plane formed by ligaments and muscles

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36
Q

Pelvic Outlet

A

inferior border of pelvic cavity- Curved area from Coccyx (along sacrotuberous ligaments) to pubic symphysis (along pubic arch) and ischial tuberosities laterally

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37
Q

Pelvic floor separates what?

A

Pelvic cavity from perineum and covers pelvic outlet

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38
Q

What is the pelvic floor composed of ?

A

Pelvic diaphragm muscles

1. Levator ani (bigger)
2. Coccageaous (smaller) - muscles have opening for structures that need to exit out of the pelvis and go into perineum (vagina, end of digestive and urinary system)
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39
Q

Levator Ani- what is it and what does it connect

A
  • Sling-like msucle with multiple parts (kegels)

- Extends from coccyx (as anococcygeal ligament) to the pubic bone

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40
Q

What openings does Levator Ani have

A
  • Anal aperature for anal canal

- Anterior opening- urogenetic hiatus for opening of urethra and vagina

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41
Q

Kegal Exercises

A

squeezing like when u go to bathrrom
-importatnt esp for women bc pelvic cavity can stretch out when giving birth so this muscle can be strengthed by doing these–helps maintain fecal continance

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42
Q

Coccygeus- what does it connect and whats the function

A

Connects Ischial spine to Lateral Coccyx

Function is to support pelvic organs, sphincters of passing through organs, and rectal flexion

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43
Q

What happens with the weakening of the pelvic floor

A

Prolapse of any organ in the pelvis

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44
Q

Urinary organs in the pelvic cavity

A

Bladder, distal ends of ureters, urethra

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45
Q

Digestive organs in the pelvic cavity

A

terminal end of digestive tract, rectum, and anal canal

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46
Q

Reproductive organs in the pelvic cavity

A

Male and female repro organs

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47
Q

Perineum

A

inferior to the pelvic diaphragm, contains genitalia and opening of urinary, digestive, adn reproductive tracts

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48
Q

Rectum

A
  • Most posterior pelvic structure, runs down curve of sacrum
  • Expandable to store feces
  • passes thru pelvic floor
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49
Q

2 things pelvic floor helps rectum do

A
  1. Constriction of pelvic floor helps close off anal canal to help maintain continance
    2. Pelvic floor orientation with rectum helps create flexure point with rectum so rectum is not facing straight down so it helps maintain continence
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50
Q

What supports the control of feces from the anal canal

A

Anal canal is gateway to fecal canal to outer world supported by 2 sphincters which help control of feces

  • internal anal sphincter
  • external anal sphincter
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51
Q

Anal Canal

A
  • passes through the pelvic diaphragm
  • Internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle) and external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle, around anal canal as it opens as the anus)
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52
Q

how does the internal anal sphincter work

A

Involuntary controlled by ANS (para-rest and digest would relax it and is inhibitory to it–allowing feces to exit body and sympa does the opposite- stimulation to muscle telling it to contract so u don’t poop during flight or fight mode)

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53
Q

how does the external anal sphincter work

A

Under somatic control- controlled by somatic nerve so we control when we go to bathroom- called PEUDENDAL NERVE

54
Q

PEUDENDAL NERVE

A

means the “shameful nerve”- main nerve of perineum

55
Q

What happens when signal is sent back to spinal cord telling it “its time to defecate”

A

PNS would inhibit sphincter to allow feces to exit

-in addition to autonomic control, we have voluntary control of defecation there’s an external anal sphincter

56
Q

Pectinate Line

A

Embryologic division ending hindgut, important because of differential lymph drainage, blood supply, embryonic origin, and associated pathology

57
Q

What is happening ABOVE the pectinate line?

A

Above the line: from embryological origin of hindgut (which has v specific venous, lympathic, blood supply, and innervation)
-part of rectum from hindgut gets blood supply from branch of IMA- Superior rectal artery

	- SRA supplies rectum ABOVE pectinate line 
            - Venous drainage- goes back and drains back to superior rectal vein (ends up in portal system via portal vein and thru the liver)
58
Q

What is happening BELOW the pectinate line?

A

Area below pectinate line: drains NOT thru portal system so its going straight to CAVAL system AKA systemic system -> branches of IVC (not the liver first) only parts that go into portal system are things that originated in hindgut

59
Q

What are the lymphatics for above and below the pectinate line?

A

Lympahtics: go to more internal nodes above the pectinate line and superficial nodes below the pectinate line bc they have alternate arterial venous supply and innervation will also be different so innervation of the hindgut- already know is parasymapathetic and sympathetic. For the hindgut, parasympathetic comes from pelvic splanics and sympa comes from lumbar spnanics (these are autonomic control).

60
Q

Bladder: description, location

A
  • Hallow organ located on the anterior side of the pelvis
  • Has an apex that points over the pubic symphysis
  • Has a base with trigone
  • Supeior portion lies flat but can balloon upward when full
61
Q

In men, what does bladder sit over

A

Prostate gland

62
Q

Trigone

A

Has points of entry for 2 ureters and exit for urethra

63
Q

Umbilical Ligament

A

Embryological Reminant

  • actual conenction from bladder to umbilicus
    • in fetus, some toxins had to go thru umbilical cord for mom to filtrate
    • this reminant has no function
64
Q

Patent Uracus

A

Some conditions where ligament doesn’t close off so theres a passageway between bladder and umbilicus (patent uracus)- so theres urine that leaks out belly bottom bc there was a connection between the 2

65
Q

Testes develop inside…

A

Abdominal cavity and descend with their nerves, vessels, lymphatics, and vas defernens through the inguinal canal (IN THE SPERMATIC CORD)

66
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Look up why its highlighted

67
Q

highly coiled Seminiferous tubules function

A

produce sperm

68
Q

epididymis function

A

coiled tube where sperm gain motility and are stored on posterior side of testes

69
Q

What are testes covered by?

A
  • Capsule (tunica albuginea)

- Anterior sac of peritoneum (tunica vaginalis)

70
Q

where does sperm travel to and from (in order)

A

-Seminiferous tubules within testes is where sperm is made->which then travel thru epidiymus-> thru vas defeerns (main compoent of permatic cord)->ejaculatory duct -> urethra

71
Q

Cremaster Muscle

A

Extension from internal oblique around scrotum and cord: draws tests up in response to cold/fear

72
Q

Testes descend thru…

A

Inguinal Canal through deep inguinal ring and superficial inguinal ring

73
Q

When testes descend through inguinal canal… what does it drag with it?

A

Everything it needs to survive.

  • needs testicular artery
  • venus plexus- eventually becomes testicular vein
  • (cremaster muscle)
  • ganitofemoral nerve (gential branch specifically)
  • ilioinguinal nerve
74
Q

Testicular artery originates and travels thru…

A

originated from abdominal aorta thru inguinal canal and into scrotum

75
Q

-venus plexus- eventually becomes testicular vein (different on where r and l end up)- whats the difference

A
  • testicular vein on right drains into IVC

- testicular vein of Left drains into LEFT renal vein

76
Q

(cremaster muscle)- made by

A

internal oblique

77
Q

ganitofemoral nerve (gential branch specifically)- responsible for…

A

controllilng muscle in wall of scrotum

78
Q

ilioinguinal nerve (goes thru inguinal canal), whats it do?

A

sneaks in between layers of muscle and partially goes thru canal- sensory innervation of portion of anterior side of scrotum comes from that nerve.

79
Q

Vas Deferens exits where and travels where?

A

Exits scrotum and travels through the inguinal canal to enter the pelvic cavity

80
Q

Vas Deferens travels through the pelvic cavity to meet with… to form…

A

meet with seminal vesicles to form the ejaculatory ducts

81
Q

Where are seminal vesicles located and what do they do??

A

Posterior to the bladder and secretes alkaline seminal fluid

82
Q

Ejaculatory duct pass through where to join what?

A

Pass through the prostate to join the postatic urethra

83
Q

Prostate secretes…

A

fluid contributing to ejaculate

84
Q

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) location

A

located underneath prostate in deep perineal pouch

85
Q

Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands) secrete…

A

lubricant and preejaculate into penile urethra

86
Q

What is the Ejaculatory duct and where is it located?

A

vas deferns and seminal vesicles connect together and connection part is called EJACULATORY DUCT which is in prostate

87
Q

How many ejaculatory ducts are there and what do they do

A

both ejaculatory ducts from each side are going to join into urethra as urethra travels from bottom of bladder

88
Q

Describe function of male urethra

A

-male urethra has dual function of being urinary and reproductive organ

89
Q

Does the urethra urinary and reproductive function happen at the same time?

A

-don’t happen at the same time bc we have sphincters that control urination and sphincters that control Autonomic control of ejectualtory

90
Q

INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

A

Sphincter at base of the bladder (where first part of male urethra is) called INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER- is under autonomic control

91
Q

What happens when INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER is under sympathetic control?

A

sympathetic control on this sphincter constricts it so there’s no urination that occurs and sympa system controls ejaculatory control so both don’t happen at the same time and bladder is closed so sperm doesn’t enter bladder and also urine doesn’t enter into urethra

92
Q

Water under bridge analogy

A

Path of vas deferns- cross pelvis and goes posterior thru bladder from abdomen. Vas crosses superior to ureter bc theyre 2 tubes they look similar, To figure out which is which remember: WATER UNDER THE BRIDGE- water (ureter since it carries pee) and bridge is vas (goes overtop of water)

93
Q

Where do ovaries develop and descend to

A
  • develop in the abdominal cavity

- descend to the lateral pelvis

94
Q

Function of Ovaries

A

produce ovum and release them into the peritoneal cavity

95
Q

What attaches ovaries to uterus

A

ovarian ligament

96
Q

Are ovaries attached to fallopian tubes?

A

no- just are in the same space

97
Q

Describe what happens when egg is released and where it goes

A
  • when ovary releases egg, fimbrae (finger like projections) sweep egg into fallopian tube
  • wider portion (infindibulum)- part that has fimbrae which sweep egg in to ampulla
  • egg sits within ampulla
  • egg to get fertilized, sperm has to travel thru repro system out thru fallopian tube and has to meet up with egg in ampula (ampulla is where fertilization occurs)
  • fertilized egg travels further thru fallopian tube called the ishtumus
  • and will implant into the inner lining of uterus after its made its whole way back into uterus
98
Q

Uterine/fallopian tube characteristics

A
  • Broad infundibulum with fimbriae that collect egg
  • narrowed ampulla (where fertilization occurs)
  • Isthmus connects to uterus
99
Q

Uterus

A

Muscular hallow structure between the bladder and rectum

100
Q

label/name 3 parts of uterus

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • cervix
101
Q

Uterine wall layer

A

Endometrium: inner lining
Myometrium: thick smooth muscle layer
Perimetrium: serous membrane covering (peritoneum)

102
Q

Round ligament of uterus

A

runs from the uterus through the inguinal canal to the labia major

103
Q

What is embryologically equivalent to the scrotum in women?

A

Round ligament of uterus

104
Q

Cervix

A

Inferior portion of the uterus

105
Q

Cervix is composed of…

A
  • internal os
  • cervical canal
  • external od
106
Q

Effacement

A

During birth, the cervix dilates and thins do that the internal and external os become one (can stretch out to 10 cm)

107
Q

What can you see through a speculum exam

A

External os of the cervix

108
Q

Why do pregnant women have to pee all the time?

A

Uterus is tipped forward (antiverted position). It is tipped forward on the bladder and when uterus gets larger, it pushes on bladder

109
Q

Describe the traveling of vaginal canal

A

Vaginal canal travels through the pelvic floor to the perineum
-travels behind the bladder, anterior to the rectum

110
Q

Vaginal Vault

A

the internal end terminates in this widened part

111
Q

Vaginal Fornix

A

A recess formed at the junction of the cervix and vaginal canal

112
Q

What drapes over organs and extends from abdominal cavity to pelvis and forms pouches and ligaments to help stabilize organs

A

Peritoneum

113
Q

What surrounds pelvic organs, pelvic walls, and vessels

A

Pelvic Fascia

114
Q

Rectouterine pouch of douglas name in men

A

rectovesical pouch

115
Q

Rectouterine pouch of douglas

A

space outlines by peritoneum between uterus and rectum

116
Q

Vesicouterine pouch

A

(smaller) space between uterus and bladder

117
Q

Broad ligament

A

Fold of peritoneum that runs from lateral pelvic walls over uterus (mesometrium), fallopian tubes (mesosalpinx), and ovaries (mesovarium)

118
Q

Suspensory ligament of the overy

A

Contains ovarian blood vessels

119
Q

Cardinal (transverse cervical) ligament

A

from cervix to lateral walls of pelvis, contains uterine artery and vein

120
Q

Which ligament is NOT a fold of peritoneum- just a different layer of fascia that supports/connects to lateral wall

A

Cardinal (transverse cervical) ligament

121
Q

Pudendal Nerve

A

Major somatic nerve to perineal structures

-doesnt innervate visceral organs (like bladder, uterus)

122
Q

What travels through the posterior lateral wall of the pelvic cavity- and mostly supplies somatic innervation to muscles that move lower limb?

A

Lumbar, Sacrat and Coccygeal Plexuses (L4-C0)

123
Q

What continues along the sacrum giving off fibers to innervate visceral organs and perineum

A

Pravertebral sympathetic trunk (SACRAL SPLANCHNICS)

124
Q

Visceral Innvervation is organized into…

A

Pelvic Plexuses:

  • Inferior Hypogastric Plexus
  • Subplexuses
125
Q

Pelvic plexuses carry…

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic (S2-4: pelvic splanchnics) innervations as well as afferent fibers

126
Q

The common iliac artery divides into…

A
  • External (lower extremity)
  • Internal Iliac Arteries

bilaterally

127
Q

The Internal Iliac divides into…

A
  • Anterior trunk

- Posterior trunk

128
Q

Anterior Trunk supplies

A

Pelvic viscera, perineum, gluteal region and inner thigh

129
Q

Posterior Trunk supplies/divides…

A

Pelvic Wall and Gluteal Region

  • iliolumbar artery
  • Lateral Sacral Artery
  • Superior Gluteal artery
130
Q

Gonadal Arteries

A

Testicular or ovarian arteries come off the abdominal aorta and descend into pelvis

Anatomy (11 decks)

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