Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Special Populations > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of children take a medication for a chronic illness

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What age is a neonate?

A

<1 month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is considered preterm?

A

<36 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is considered term?

A

> /=36 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a low birth weight?

A

1500g- <2500g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a very low birth weight?

A

<1500g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What age is an infant?

A

1mo- 1y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What age is a child?

A

1y-11y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What age is an adolescent?

A

12-18y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What medication causes Reye’s syndrome in children?

A

aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anyone less than _________ should not take aspirin unless prescribed by a doctor?

A

<20 y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What ages should tetracyclines be avoided in children?

A

last half of pregnancy to 8y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What legislative actions encourage trials for pediatric labeling and formulations?

A
  1. 2002 Best Practices for Children Act (BPCA)
  2. 2003 Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What did BCPA and PREA find regarding gabapentin?

A
  1. higher doses were required to control seizures in children <5
  2. SEs (agitation, hostility) in children <12
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What did BCPA and PREA find regarding Fluvoxamine?

A
  1. higher doses in adolescents then previously indicated
  2. lower doses required for girls 8-11 due to excess drowsiness
  3. SEs (more limited growth)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to HR as we age?

A

decreases with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At what age is the circadian rhythm observed?

A

<4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to respiratory rate as we age?

A

decreases with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

At what age should children have their BP measured?

A

> /= 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are BP measurements based on to determine if BP is normal?

A
  1. sex
  2. age
  3. height
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a normal BP?

A

SBP and DBP <90th percentile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is pre-HTN?

A

SBP and DBP >/=90th percentile BUT <95th percentile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is stage 1 HTN?

A

SBP and DBP >95th percentile to 5mmHg above 99th percentile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is stage 2 HTN?

A

SBP and DBP > 5mmHg above 99th percentile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What table is used to determine children’s BP?

A

The fourth table

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is considered a fever?

A

rectal temp >100.4 degrees F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How should temp be taken in infants to 4 y?

A

rectally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How should temperature be taken in older children?

A
  1. tympanic
  2. oral (1 degree lower than core)
  3. axillary (2 degrees lower than core)
29
Q

When should children < 3 months be referred to PCP for fever?

A

> /= 100.4

30
Q

When should children > 3 months be referred to PCP for fever?

A
  1. > /= 100.4 for more than 3 days
  2. appear ill
  3. > /=102
31
Q

When should any child be referred to PCP for fever?

A
  1. > /= 100.4
  2. febrile seizures
  3. recurrent fevers, even if only a few hours
  4. chronic medical problems (heart disease, cancer, lupus, sickle cell anemia, Lyme disease
  5. new skin rash
32
Q

What are treatments for fever?

A
  1. encourage the child to drink fluids
  2. Acetaminophen
  3. ibuprofen
33
Q

What is the recommended dose of acetaminophen for infants and children?

A

10-15 mg/kg/dose every 4-6 hours;
DO NOT exceed 5 doses in 24h

34
Q

What is the recommended dose of ibuprofen for infants and children?

A

7.5 mg/kg/dose Q6-8h;
DO NOT exceed 30 mg/kg/day

35
Q

How do we get an accurate record of the infant/child’s general pattern of growth?

A

serial measurements

36
Q

What is the equation for BMI according to the CDC?

A

weight (kg)/ [height (m)] ^2

37
Q

What is considered overweight?

A

BMI >/= 85th-95th percentile

38
Q

What is considered obese?

A

BMI >/= 95th percentile

39
Q

What is considered undernutrition?

A

BMI <15th percentile

40
Q

When do the most dramatic PK changes happen in children?

A

first 2 years of life

41
Q

Do children have a higher (basic) or lower (acidic pH compared to adults?

A

higher; basic

42
Q

What is true about drug concentrations of acid labile drugs in infants due to basic environment?

A
  1. increased absorption due to more intact drug
  2. 5-6x higher concentrations in neonates vs. infants/children
43
Q

Why are lipophilic drugs less likely to be absorbed in the first 6mo of life?

A

lower concentration of bile salts and biliary function within the intestine

44
Q

How does GI motility change as we age?

A

decreased in neonates and young infants (increases with age)

45
Q

How does decreased GI motility affect drug absorption?

A

delays absorption

46
Q

Why is rectal absorption helpful with older infants/ children?

A
  1. not many IV choices
  2. IV access problems
  3. impractical oral route
47
Q

What are issues with rectal administration in young infants?

A

high-amplitude pulsatile contractions of the lower GI tract; CR suppositories could be expelled before total dose delivered

48
Q

What volume of IM injection is appropriate in young children?

A

0.5 mL

49
Q

What volume of IM injection is appropriate in school age children?

A

1 mL

50
Q

What volume of IM injection is appropriate in adolescents and adults?

A

3-5 mL

51
Q

Why is IV route preferred over IM?

A

IM absorption can be erratic

52
Q

What is the order of capillary density from young infants to adults?

A

young infants> older children> adults

53
Q

What is systemic absorption via topical administration increased in children?

A
  1. increased skin surface area: body weight ratio
  2. increased skin hydration
  3. thinner statum corneum and epidermis
  4. poorly anchored skin
  5. less SQ fat
54
Q

What medications are associated with severe systemic SEs when administered topically?

A
  1. hexachlorophene antiseptic
  2. insect repellant (>10% diethyltoluamide)
  3. Lindane
  4. corticosteroids
55
Q

What type of corticosteroid regimens are associated with HPA axis suppression, poor weight gain, and growth?

A
  1. high potency short-term use
  2. low potency long term use
56
Q

What happens to TBW with age?

A

decreases

57
Q

What is the dose of Gentamicin for a neonate (Vd=0.45 L/kg)?

A

4-5 mg/kg/dose

58
Q

What is the dose of Gentamicin for an infant-child (Vd=0.4-0.35 L/kg)?

A

2.5 mg/kg/dose

59
Q

What is the dose of Gentamicin for an adolescent-adult (Vd=0.3-0.25 L/kg)?

A

1.5 mg/kg/dose

60
Q

Why is the free fraction of drugs higher in neonates?

A

drugs have lower binding affinity to fetal albumin

61
Q

Why do babies have a higher rate of jaundice?

A

increased concentration of bilirubin in all babies due to immature liver

62
Q

What antibiotic is CI in hyperbilirubinemia neonates?

A

Ceftriaxone; 85-95% protein bound and displaces bilirubin from albumin

63
Q

How long does it take for most CYP enzymes to reach near-adult activity?

A

about 2y

64
Q

What happens with most drugs that undergo phase 1 and 2 metabolism in the live if these systems are not developed in children?

A

compensatory mechanisms ensure overall clearance of some drugs do not change with age

65
Q

What happens to elimination (GFR with age)?

A

increases

66
Q

What is the outcome of decreased elimination in children?

A

longer half-life and dosing intervals

67
Q

What is a normal dose of Ranitidine at birth?

A

0.5 mg/kg/dose Q12h IV

68
Q

What is a normal dose of Ranitidine for a 2 week old neonate?

A

1 mg/kg/dose Q8h IV

Special Populations (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions