Pediatrics Flashcards
1
Q
Eczema first line
A
Emollient cream
2
Q
Primitive reflexes disappear
A
4-6 months
3
Q
12-13 year old vaccines
A
HPV
4
Q
Pulses to check in infant
A
Brachial and femoral
5
Q
Treating pertussis
A
macrolide
6
Q
Vaccine in 20-32 Week pregnant women
A
for pertussis
7
Q
Machine like murmur, bounding pulse, collapsing pulse, left subclavicular thrill
A
PDA
8
Q
Management of PDA
A
indomethacin or ibuprofen
9
Q
Microcephaly causes
A
Congenital infection, Hypoxic ischemic injury, fetal alcohol syndrome, patau syndrome and Craniosynstosis
10
Q
Father to son in Hemophilia
A
0% transmission
11
Q
Acute epiglottitis Cause
A
H. Influenza
12
Q
Tripod position, dysphagia, drolling and distress
A
Epiglottitis
13
Q
Steeple sign on XR
A
Croup
14
Q
Thumb sign on XR
A
Epiglottitis
15
Q
Bite and blister cells
A
G6PD
16
Q
Osmotic fragility test
A
Hereditary spherocytosis
17
Q
Long face and protruding ear, neuro developmental delay and X dominant
A
Fragile X syndrome
18
Q
Benign cause of Stridor in very young infant (4-6 weeks)
A
Laryngomalacia
19
Q
Coxsackie A16 causes what disease
A
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Ulcers caused
20
Q
Vesicoureteric reflux diagnosis
A
Micturating cystourethrogram
21
Q
Scarring in VER test
A
Radionuclide scan using DMSA
22
Q
> 48 hours to pass meconium, abdominal distension
A
Hirschsprung disease
23
Q
Sausage shaped mass and red jelly currant stools
A
Intussuception
24
Q
Exomphalos and Diaphragmatic hernia are associated with what GI condition
A
Malrotation
25
Chromosomal abnormality affecting females, short stature, webbed neck, Bicuspid aortic valve- E/S murmur, Coarcation of aorta, primary AMENORRHEA, horseshoe kidney, hypothyroidism
Turner Syndrome
26
Pica syndrome
Iron deficiency anemia
27
LRTI, up to 9 months, wheeze
Bronchiolitis
28
Stridor is a common sign of URTI
Croup
29
Commonest cause of Croup
Parainfluenza
30
Hepatomegaly in a child
Related to HF in children and suggests Congenital heart failure
31
Ejection systolic murmur in children
Are generally benign and innocent
32
Down syndrome Heart defect
AVSD
33
Down syndrome haematological relationship
Leukemia is associated with Down’s
34
AVSD will cause what type of murmur
Pan systolic Murmur
35
APGAR Score: important to Know
A: Activity (muscle tone): Absent (0), flexed arms or legs (1) and active (2)
P: Pulse: absent (0), below 100 (1), above 100 (2)
G: grimace: Floppy (0), minimal to stimuli (1) and prompt response to stimuli (2)
A: Appearance: blue/ pale (0), pink body and blue extremes (1) and pink body (2)
R: Respiration absent (0), Slow and regular (1) and vigorous cry (2)
36
A child that has weaned (post 6 months), diarrhoea or constipation, non-bloody stool, malabsorptive child - FTT
Celiac disease
37
Sickness, purpuric rash buttocks and lower limbs , abdominal pain; Proteinuria and hematuria
Henoch Schnlein Purpura (HSP)
38
Red blood shot eyes, red cracked lips and red tongue, red swollen hands, high fever, swollen feet and rash involving the body; No pus from eyes- non purulent conjunctivitis
Kawasaki disease
39
Complication of Kawasaki
Heart aneurysms and cardiovascular problems
40
Not passed meconium >48 hours, X-ray shows distended loop of bowel including rectum
Hirschsprung disease
41
Bilious vomiting; passed meconium - Fluidy
Duodenal atresia
42
Gold standard diagnosis of Hirschprung disease
Rectal biopsy
43
Cystitis vs Pyelonephritis
Fever, flank pain, abdominal pain - pyelonephritis
Cystitis: afebrile, UTI symptoms
Glomerulonephritis: Hematuria
44
Epistaxis, child, WBC raised, generalised enlargement, low platelets and HB; Lymphoid proliferation and less myeloid cells
ALL
45
Most common cause of Leukemia in children
ALL
46
Purpuric rash + High temperature + Viral symptoms
Meningococcal Septicaemia
47
Management of Meningococcal septicaemia
Ceftriaxone IV
48
ITP management
Steroids or immunoglobulin
49
Fever, presence of multiple joint swelling, Anemia; negative Antibodies and raised ESR in a child.
Juvenile Rheumatoid arthritis/ Still’s Disease
50
Salmon-pink rash
Juvenile Arthritis
51
Positive Kernig’s Sign; Neck stiffness and fever. Causative agent
In 1-3 months: GBS
3 months to 3 years: s pneumoniae, Meningitidis
3-10: Pneumoniae and meningitidis
10-19: Meningitidis
52
Rapid fever, Stridor and drooling with tripod position. Cause and pathogen
Epiglottitis and H. influenza
53
West’s Syndrome on EEG aka infantile spasms
Hypsarrhythmia
54
<3 month old, excess crying, pulling legs, benign
Infantile colic
55
Physiological jaundice
Day 2 to 14
56
Post gastroenteritis can cause what type of diarrhoea in children
Lactose intolerance
57
Most common cause of neonatal infection (<7 days)
GBS
58
Cyanosis or collapse in the first month of life, hypercyanotic spells, ejection systolic murmur at left sternal edge
TOF
59
Micrognathia; Low set ears, rocker bottom feet and overlapping fingers
Edward’s Syndrome
60
Risk factors for abruption
Previous history, BP high, premature ROM, Uterine injury, polyhydraminos, twins, Infection of the uterus, older age, and narcotic use
61
2 month vaccines
6 in 1 -DTAP
Oral rotavirus
Meningitis B
62
3 Month vaccine
6 in 1 vaccine (DTap + whooping cough, Hib and hepatitis B
oral Rotavirus vaccine
PCV
63
4 month
6 in vaccine and Men B
64
12-13 months
Hib/Men C, MMR, PCV, Men B
65
2-8 years
Flu vaccine - Annual
66
3-4 years
4-in 1 pre-school booster (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio); MMR
67
12-13 years
HPV
68
13-18 years
3 in 1 teenage booster (tetanus, diphtheria and polio); Men ACWY
69
Prolonged neonatal jaundice (conjugate raised), HSM, abnormal growth, cardiac murmurs, Raised bile acids, dark urine and pale stools, deranged LFTs
Biliary atresia
70
Retinal hemorrhages, sub dural hematoma and encephalopathy
Shaken baby syndrome
71
> 3 month old baby and Meningitis - antibiotics?
```
Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone only
No amoxicillin (that is for <3 month old baby)
```
72
Most common complication of Measels
Acute otitis Media
73
Most common cause of death in Measels
Pneumonia
74
Fever first Rash later
Roseola Infantum
Cause: HHV-6
Nagayama spots- Uvula and soft palate
75
coarctation of aorta
Common in males
associated with turners
Causes HF in infancy and Hypertension in adulthood
Mid systolic murmur
USE PDA TO KEEP OPEN
76
2-4 weeks of life, vomiting, FTT, > males, projectile; Hypochloraemic, hypokalemic alkalosis
Pyloric stenosis
Thickened and elongated pylorus
Diagnosis: USS
management: Ramstedt Pylorotomy
77
migraine in children is commonly associated with
GI symptoms
78
Dilated bowel loops, bowel wall oedema, pneumatosis intestinalis, portal venous gas
Necrotising enterocolitis
79
Management of biliary atresia (neonatal jaundice)
Surgery
80
Severity signs in Bronchiolitis
Apnea, grunting, recession, RR>70, cyanosis, persistently low saturations <92
81
Neonatal Hypoglycemia
<2.6 mmol/L
82
Microcephaly, small eyes, low set of ears, cleft lip and polydactyly
Patau’s Syndrome
83
Transient tachypnea of the newborn is most associated with
C-section
84
Red jelly like stools, diagnosis and investigation
| And management
ABdo USS - target sign
Intussuception
Air insufflation under radiology
85
Turner’s Syndrome is associated with what heart defects
Bicuspid aortic valve
Aortic root dilation
Coarctation of aorta
86
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is associated with this cardiac pathology
DILATED cardiomyopathy
87
Movicol Paediatric plan is a type of
Osmotic laxative
88
Definitive management of Hirschsprung disease
Anorectal pull through
89
Sandpaper rash
Scarlet fever
90
Strawberry tongue, rash, caused by S. Pyogenes or GAS
Scarlet fever
91
Prebirth is related to
Neonatal hypoglycemia
92
Papular to vesicopapular conversion and also affected a contact of the child
Chickenpox
93
Slapped cheek rash
Parvovirus B19
| Also related to Aplastic crisis
94
Sand paper rash, rough rash, erythematous, strawberry tongue
S. Pyogenes or GAHS
95
Impetigo caused by
Staphylococcus (Aureus)
96
Delayed puberty, wide short neck, low set ears and mid-systolic murmur (coarctation)
Turner’s Syndrome
97
1st sign of puberty in a girl
Breast development
98
First sign in boy puberty
Testes (6ml)
99
Lens dislocation, aortic/Mitral valve prolapse, aortic dissection, elongated limbs and high arched palate
Marfan’s Syndrome
100
AVSD, VSD or ASD; In what common genetic condition; Pulmonary hypertension causing eissenmenger
Down’s Syndrome
101
NRDS risk factor
Prematurity
102
TT of new born
C-section
103
Confirm diagnosis of Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Anti-Streptococcal serology
104
Maculopapular rash becoming confulent
Measels
105
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is associated with
Dextrocardia
106
Test for Meckel’s Diverticulum; pain and bloody stool
Meckel’s Scan
107
Red-Currant jelly stools; Suasage shaped mass; Knee draw up to stomach
Intussuception
108
Purpuric rash, abdominal pain
HSP
109
Double bubble sign
Duodenal atresia
110
Vomiting at the end of paroxysmal cough
Whooping cough
111
Projectile vomiting early in life
Pyloric stenosis
112
Treat mycoplasma
Macrolides such as clarithromycin
113
No eye contact, pushes toys back and forth, impaired social interaction and repititive behaviour and rituals
Autism disorder
114
Hand preferable before 12 months
Cerebral palsy
115
A child can smile at
6 weeks
116
Grasp and to mouth and sits with support by
6 months
117
Peek a boo and sits without support; wave bye bye and pincer grip
9 months
118
when can a child speak 2 word sentences and draw a line
2 years
119
Screams intensely after feeds and arching back
Infant colic
120
Yellow crusting and fever, weeping area of skin
Impetigo - S. Aureus, Streptococcus, HSV, allergens
121
2 year old wheezing, coryza, increased RR
Viral induced wheeze
122
Undigested food, brown in colour, loose stools no FTT
Chronic non-specific diarrhoea
| Also called toddlers diarrhoea
123
The ideal sleeping position for a pregnant woman is
On her left side; uterus is naturally dextro-rotated and left lateral position is good to prevent pressure on IVC and improves circulation
124
Heavy bleeding in post-menopausal woman refractory to medical treatment
Hysterectomy
125
Test in PCOS to find source of testosterone
DHEAS - adrenals gland vs ovarian
126
USS Measurement that most accurately identified SGA
Humerus length <5th centile for gestation age
127
Neonate heel prick tests
Sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, congenital hypothyroidism, PKU, MCADD, Maple syrup urine disease, isovaleric acidemia, HCU, Glutaric acid test
128
Asthma ladder in children <5 years
```
Age <5
Step 1: SABA
Step 2: SABA + 8 week trial of ICS
Step 3: SABA + Low ICS + LTRA
Step 4: Specialist
```
129
Asthma ladder in children >5 to 16 years
```
SABA
SABA + Low ICS
SABA + Low ICS + LTRA
SABA + Low ICS + LTRA +/- LABA
SABA + MART +/- LTRA
```
130
Robertsonian translocation in mother is assocaited with
Down's Syndrome
131
GBS is also called
S. Aglactiae
132
GAS
S. Pyogenes
133
Apgar score Appearance
Blue or pale (0); Blue extremes only (1); pink all over (2)`
134
Apgar pulse
No pulse (0), <100 (1), >100 (2)
135
Apgar Grimace*
No response to stimulation (0); weak cry when stimulated (1) and cries or pulls away when stimulated (2)
136
Activity Apgar
No activity (0); some flexion of limbs (1); limbs completely flexed and resist extension (2)
137
Apgar Respiration
No breathing(0); Irregular or gasping (1); regular and crying (2)
138
pneumonitis, patchy infiltrates and delivery associated complication and treat using surfactant in a neonate
Meconium aspiration syndrome
139
Treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
Nitric oxide
140
Delay in resorption of lung fluid; associated with C-section and resolves spontaneously; fluid is seen in horizontal fissure and wet lungs
Transient tachypnea of the newborn
141
age range of prematurity
28 to 36 weeks
142
Age range of extreme prematurity
23 to 27 weeks
143
Lack of surfactant production by type 2 pneumocytes causing hypoxia and tachycardia, ground glass appearance on CXR
Hyaline membrane disease or RDS
144
Unconjugated bilirubin accumulation in basal ganglia leading to choreoathetoid cerebral palsy and sensorineural hearing loss
Kernicterus
145
Herniation through umblicus, bowel and viscera covered with membranous sac
Exomphalos
146
Gastroschisis
herniation through abdominal wall right of umblicus, bowel is not covered with membrane
147
LP CI as raised ICP in a suspected meningitis patient
CT scan
148
Increased lymphocytes on LP
Viral, TB
149
Increased neutrophils on LP (polymorphonuclear (PMN))
Bacterial meningitis
150
Antibiotics in meningitis
Benzylpenicillin + Gentamycin in neonates or Ceftriaxone
151
N. Meningitidis infection; fever, non blanching purpura, septic shock
Meningococcal septicaemia
| Do a PCR
152
Chemoprophylaxis for close contacts in Meningococcal septicemia
Rifampicin
153
Most common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood in developed country
Kawasaki disease
154
Fever >5 days; rash, non-purulent conjunctivitis, mucosal changes such as strawberry tongue, cracked lips and red pharynx; inflammed BCG scar; raised CRP or ESR and thrombophilia and associated with coronary aneurysms
Kawasaki disease
155
6 months to 6 years is the age range for
Febrile seizures
156
Jacksonian march and Todd's paresis
Frontal lobe epilepsy
157
Temporal lobe epilepsy
Automatisms, DEja vu and sensory
158
sensory symptoms, distorted body image and vertigo
Parietal lobe epilepsy
159
3 Hz spikes precipitated by hyperventilation
Absence seizures
160
Infantile spasms or Wests syndrome
Salaam attacks, Hypsarrhythmia
161
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
Myoclonic jerks, atypical absence seizures and atonic seizures
162
Benign rolandic seizures
Tonic -clonic during sleep, partial during day
163
Spastic symptoms including tone and reflexes, reduced power and dystonic features such as involuntary movements in a neurodevelopmental disease
Cerebral palsy
164
Arnold-Chiari is associated with what type of hydrocephalus
Communicating
165
ALL is associated with what neurodegenrative disorder of DNA repair
Ataxia telengiectasia
166
Meconium ileus, bowel obstructions, rectal prolapseand pseudomonas or Burkholderia colonization are complications of
CF
167
Sandifers syndrome is associated with what disorder
GORD
168
Peas and carrots stool +/- mucous in a preschool child
Toddlers diarrhea
169
Investigation of malrotation
contrast study
170
treatment of biliary atresia
Kasai procedure also called hepatoportoenterostomy
171
Small vessel vasculitis, purpura rash in thigh and buttock, abdominal pain, joint arthritis, hematuria, BP
HSP
172
Undescended testes referral month
9 months
173
Systolic, soft, does not radiate, change with posture and often heard in febrile child
Innocent murmur
174
Absent or weak femoral pulse and hypertension in arms only, rib notching on CXR, RVH; Treat by balloon dilararion or stent; use PGE to keep ductus open
Coarctation of aorta
175
Associated with de george; E/J murmur, cyanotic spells, Single heart sound, boot shaped heart
TOF
176
Egg on side appearance
transposition of the GV
177
Immune response to group A steph causing valve disease
Rheumatic fever
178
What is the criteria of Rheumatic fever
Jones criteria
179
Imprinting genetic conditions
prader-willi (Paternal) and Angleman (maternal)
180
Round face, flat occiput, protruding tongue, epicanthic folds, brushfield spots in iris and singla palmar crease, sandal gap and reduced tone
Down's
181
edematous hands, feet, short stature, webbed neck, wide nipples, horseshoe kidney and normal IQ' Coarctation **
Turner's
182
Kleinfelter
47XXY; tall, hypogonad, small testes, gynomastia, infertile
183
Low IQ, prominent ears and enlarged testes; learning difficulty
Fragile X
184
A dip in Hb at 6-9 weeks of age in healthy term baby
physiological anemia of infancy
185
Test of hemolytic anemia
direct coombs test
186
how to treat Helminth infections
Albendazole or mebendazole
187
Anaphylaxis is a type of
Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
188
adrenaline IM in Anaphylaxis
0-6 years - 150 mcg
6-12 years 300 mcg
adults - 500 mcg
189
WHat type of allergy is milk protein
Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
190
Describe severe attack of asthma
```
spO2 <92%
too breathless to talk or feed
HR >140
RR> 40
Use of accessory muscles
PEFR 33-50
```
191
life-threatening attack of asthma
SPO2 <92%; PEFR <33%. silent chest, poor respiratory effort, normal pCo2
192
treating acute asthma in children
SABA upto 10 puffs
| steroid - prednisolone
193
chronic asthma under 5
SABA
SABA + Mod ICS (8 weeks)
after 8 weeks give low dose
SABA + Low dose ICS + LTRA
Specialist referral
194
chronic asthma above 5 - 16
```
SABA
SABA + Low ICS
SABA + Low ICS + LTRA
SABA + Low ICS + LTRA + LABA
SABA + MART +/- LTRA
```
195
Causative agent in bronchiolitis
RSV
196
Bronchiolitis age group
under 1 year olds
197
management of bronchiolitis
ventilatory support, oxygen, CPAP, Palivizumab in premature or congenital HD babies
198
Itchy rash, dry, scaly, crusty, lichenification
Eczema
199
HSV eczema herpeticum
Severe disease, vision, acyclovir must be used, painful rash, punched out lesion
200
Management of eczema
1st: hydrate with emollients
2nd: topical corticosteroids (avoid on face)
wet wraps and cyclosporin for severe cases
201
What predisposes to candida infection
use of oral antibiotics
202
WHat are signs of a candida rash
Rash extending into the skin folds, large red macules, well-demarcated scaly borders, Satellite lesion, oral thrush
203
rash with flakes, scalp rash
Suborrheic dermatitis
204
Causes of hypoxic ischemic injury
Placental abruption, uterine rupture, embolism, severe bradycardia and prolonged labour
205
What staging is used in Hypoxic ischemic injury
Sarnat staging: mental status, muscular tobe, reflexes and autonomic function
206
what is the temperature range in therapeutic cooling in neonates
33.5 to 35
207
HEI gold standard diagnosis
diffusion weighted MRI
208
Starting at head and trunk then rest of the body, progress through papules, vesicles, pustule, crusting.
VZV - chicken pox
209
GAS aka S. Pyogenes can lead to what in VZV infection
Necrotizing fasciitis or toxic shock syndrome
210
Failure of the frontonasal and maxillary processes to fuse
Cleft lip
211
Failure of the palatine processes and the nasal septum to fuse
Cleft palate
212
Surgical correction of cleft lip and palate
at 3 months - Cleft lip
| at 3-12 months- Palate
213
Dermatitis herpetiform is associated to
coeliac disease
214
Investigations in coeliac disease
TTG IgA; total IgA; biopsy is gold standard
215
Cynotic heart diseases
Truncus arteriosus, Transposition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia, TOF
216
Egg on a string appearance on CXR
Transposition of the great arteries
217
TOF
overriding aorta over a VSD, pulmonary stenosis and RVH
218
Boot-shaped appearance on CXR
TOF
219
what prevents closure of PDA
Prostaglandins PGE
220
Absent femoral pulse and hypertension in child
Coarctation of aorta
221
Rib notching
COA
222
Washing machine murmur (continous murmur)
PDA
223
Closure of PDA- drugs
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or indomethacin
224
benign obstructive condition, fixed S2 split
ASD
225
Most commo congenital heart defect
VSD
226
VSD is associated to
Down's
227
Sticky eyes cause and treatment
S Aureus, P aeruginosa and Streptococcus
| treat with topical ointment such as neomycin and cholarmphenicol
228
purulent discharge with swollen eye lids within 48 hours of life
IV antibiotics such as Cephalosporins treat gonococcal conjunctivitis
229
Discharge at the end of 1st week
Chlamydial conjunctivitis - erythromycin or topical tetracycline
230
Treat bacterial conjunctivitis with
fusidic acid or gentamycin
231
Treating allergic conjunctivitis
Sodium cromoglicate and nedocromil - mast cell stabilizer
232
croup age
6 months to 3 years
233
Cause of croup
Parainfluenza Virus 1 and 2
234
Management of croup
Mild dexamethasone
moderate: Dexamethasone + Adrenaline (nebulized)
severe: oxygen + As above
235
X-ray of croup
Steeple sign in frontal neck radiograph
| Lateral: thumb sign
236
Cause of cutaneous warts
HPV
237
What causes of Molluscum contagiosum and what are its features
Poxvirus causes molluscum contangiosum and features include skin coloured papule with central umblication, multiple and widespread
238
Inheritance of Cystic fibrosis
Autosomal recessive
239
Chloride in CF
Out in sweat and inside in pancreas
| Thick secretion and blocked ducts
240
Is meconium ileus linked to CF
yes
241
What is the most common cause of death in CF
P aeruginosa
242
What causes loss of elidibility to lung transplant
Burkholderia Cepacia complex
243
Investigation in CF
Sweat test
Trypsin
Pancreatic biopsy
244
Management of CF
Ivacaftor is a CFTR potentiator
| Lumacaftor corrects misfolded protein
245
Diet in CF
Fat rich diet
246
Low platelet, increased bleeding time, Increased PT, increased APTT, D-dimer and FDP are high
DIC
247
Superficial bleeding, deep bleeding, bleeding from every orifice, causes: obstretic complications, trauma, sepsis, snake bite
DIC
248
treatment of DIC
FFP + Platelet transfusion + cryoprecipitate
249
11-13+6 weeks down's screening
HCG (increased) + PAPP-A (decreased) + thickened nuchal translucency
250
trisomy 18
Edwards
251
Trisomy 13
Pataus
252
Triple test
AFP + HCG + unconjugated oestriol
253
Quadruple
AFP + HCG + Inhibin A + Oestriol
254
Phenotypical features of down's Syndrome
Flat nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, brushfield spots in iris, round and flat face, up slanting palpebral fissures, small chin, small mouth, broad hands, short stature, hypotonia and poor mororeflex
255
Inadequate gubernacular fixation of the lower pole of the testes to the tunica vaginalis, acute scrotal pain, profound swelling and diffuse tenderness, high rising testes, spermatic cord is not tender, cremasteric reflex is lost and no ease of pain with lifting testes
Testicular torsion
256
diagnosis of testicular torsion
Doppler USS
257
Management of torsion
urgent surgical detorsion (within 6 hours of onset) + bilateral orchipexy
Fixation of both the testes
Manual detorsion if surgery not available in 2 hours
258
Cause of epididymitis
<35 year old: gonorrhea and chlamydia
| >35 year : E coli
259
Non-infective / drug cause of epididymitis
amiodarone
260
diagnosis of epididymitis
cremasteric reflex is present, cord is tender, UTI signs
| Urine NAAT for gonorrhea and Chlamydia
261
Management of Epididymitis
Doppler uss to rule out torsion
<35 year: Ceftriaxone + Azithromycin or doxycyline
>35 year: Fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim
262
Most common cause of Epiglottitis
H Influenza B (before vaccine)
| GAS (pyogenes)
263
Tripod position is associated with
epiglottitis
264
Lateral neck radiograph shows thumbprint sign in
Epiglottitis
265
Age group for febrile seizures
6 months to 5 years
266
Commonest cause of vomiting in infancy
GORD
267
What is Sandifer syndrome
Arch back and turns head due to GORD
268
Trial of PPI in infants for GORD only if
Unexplained feeding difficulty, distressing behaviour, and faltering growth
269
Treatment surgical for GORD
Nissen Fundoplication
270
Hematuria, Proteinuria, RBC cast, hypertension, and renal failure
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
271
RBC casts suggest
Acute glomerulonephritis
272
Berger’s disease is
IgA nephropathy
273
C3 and C4 in glomerulonephritis
C3 low and C4 normal
274
Small vessel vasculitis, peaks in 4-6 year olds, preceded by viral infection, purpuric rash with predominant thigh and buttock distribution and abdominal pain, large joint arthritis, can lead to Berger's
HSP
275
Groin hernias in children
indirect inguinal
276
a hernia in newborns should be corrected within
few weeks of life
277
Umblical hernia
resolve by 3 years
| surgery at 5 years
278
Roseola Infantum or Erythema subitum cause
HHV-6
279
High spiking fever up to 41 C, rash appears after fever
Roseola
280
When does transitional hypoglycemia occur
2-3 hour after birth
281
Neonatal hypoglycemia most common causes
prematurity, diabetic mother and SGA
282
Management of hypoglycemia
support breast feeding, IV dextrose 2nd line,
283
refractory to feeding- hypoglycemia management
Dexamethasone + hydrocortisone
glucagon
Ocreotide
284
Golden crusted lesion around mouth, blister, only epidermis involved
impetigo
285
Cause of impetigo
S. Aureus; GAS; P. Aeruginosa
286
Treatment of impetigo
1st line Mupirocin
fluocoxacillin
Allergy - Erythromycin or cephalosporin
287
Most common type of influenza
type A
288
Aspirin leading to encephalopathy and liver disease in young child
Reye syndrome
289
treatment of influenza
Neuraminidase inhibitor
| Adamantane
290
Persistent vomiting, bilious, green bile, distention, failure to pass stool or wind, abnormal bowel sounds, tinkling and high pitched and absent later
obstruction
291
Diagnosis of intestinal obstruction
AXR- dilated loop of bowel proximally
| collapsed distally
292
Obstruction management
NBM
NG tube
IV fluids
293
Common age for intussuception
<2 years, 3 month to 6 years
294
Most common site of intussuception
Ileocecal
295
Triad of intussusception
Intermittent colicky pain + vomiting + bloody stools
296
Palpable RUQ suasage mass
Intussecption
297
red currant jelly stools
Intussecption
298
Test of choice in intussecption
Target sign
299
Treatment of intussecption
Rectal air insufflation
300
Rash + bloody stools + 3 months of lofe, wheeze,
Cows milk protein intolerance
301
1st line for paediatric pneumonia
Ampicillin or amoxicillin
2nd line is Vancomycin or Clindamycin
Add Azithromycin in infants under 6 weeks to cover for chlaymdia
302
Treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia
Azithromycin for 5 days
303
Cause of whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
304
women between 20-32 weeks pregnant get vaccine for
Whooping cough
305
Bordetella pertussis treatment
Azithromycin
306
Measels is also called
Rubeola
307
3 Cs of Measels
Cough, conjunctivitis, and coryza
| Classic koplik spots, maculopapular rash
308
Complication of measels
Acute otitis media common; LRTI, encephalitis, Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; febrile convulsions, giant cell pneumonia
309
Most common inborn error of AA
PKU (Autosomal Recessive)
310
PKU
Developmental delay, infantile spasm, behaviour issues and mousy urine smell
311
Treatment of Homocystinuria
AD, Vitamin B6 pyridoxine
312
Krebs cycle disease
Maple-syrup disease
| treat with thiamine
313
Mumps
Respiratory tract epithelial cells - Parotid glands - other tissues
314
Complications of mumps
Meningoencephalitis; orchitis - post-pubertal males
315
DMD is X linked or autosomal
X-linked recessive
316
what can improve strength in DMD
Creatine oral
317
DMD is associated with what cardiac problem
Dilated cardiomyopathy
318
Most common cause of preseptal cellulitis
Staphylococcus and GAS
319
Orbital cellulitis presents with
swelling, diplopia, abnormal eye movement, pain with eye movement and proptosis
320
Diagnosis of orbital cellulitis
Ct with contrast
321
treatment of orbital cellulitis
cephalosporin + vancomycin
| Abscess - drain
322
Peptic ulcers in children are commonly
Duodenal
323
Investigation for ulcers in children
Breath test and Upper Gi endoscopy and biopsy
324
Treat ulcers in children
Triple therapy with amoxicillin or clarithromycin, bismuth, metronidazole and omeprazole
325
what is a type of hereditary peripheral neuropathy
Charcoat Marie tooth disease
326
Inheritance of Charcoat Marie
AD
presentation: progressive distal weakness, lower limbs with peroneal muscle weakness and atrophy
also involves tibial muscles; sensory as well
327
Strok legs, Pes cavus, hammer toes and claw hands
Charcoat marie- atropy, sprains, contractures
328
Diagnosis of Charcoat marie
Sural nerve biopsy
329
Non bilious vomit, firm olive mass, projectile, post prandial, hungry, peristalsis, dehydration and jaundice
Hypochloremia and metabolic alkalosis
Pyloric stenosis
330
Test of choice in pyloric stenosis
USS
331
Treatment of Pyloric stenosis
Ramstedt pylorotomy
332
NRDS risk factors (leading to surfactant LD)
prematurity, male, c-section, asphyxia, second twin
333
Surfactant stimulants
Glucocorticoids, thyroxine, prolactin
334
SLD on CXR
ground lung appearance
| biopsy shows pink hyaline membrane
335
Purulent exudates in tonsils
GBS or EBV
336
positive culture for GBS
10 day antibiotics - use penicillin V or erythromycin
337
hot potato voice
Epiglottitis
338
retropharyngeal abscess
Lateral neck film; CT may be
339
Infant under 3 month with UTI
admit always
340
itchy edematous plaques, trunk extremities and ears
urticaria
341
treatment of urticaria
Antihistamines, steroids, LTRA and immunosuppressants
342
important: cause of Scarlet fever
GAS / S Pyogrenes
343
Sandpaper skin, strawberry tongue
GAS, scarlet
| treat with penicillin V
344
complications of Rubella
Thrombocytopenia and encephalitis
345
Triad of congenital rubell syndrome
deafness, blindness and congenital heart disease
346
Slapped cheek
Parvovirus B19
| can cause myocarditis
347
Roseola caused by
HHV; high fever
348
cause of volvulus
incomplete rotation of the gut during embryonic period
349
what type of vomit in volvulus
bilious vomit
350
Associated conditions with volvulus
Exomphalous and diaphragmatic hernia
351
management of volvulus
Laparotomy or ladd procedure
352
UMN lesion, toe walk, hypertonicity, dystonia and chorea, ataxia and scissor gait
Cerebral palsy
