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Year 3 > Pediatrics > Flashcards

Pediatrics Flashcards

1
Q

Eczema first line

A

Emollient cream

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2
Q

Primitive reflexes disappear

A

4-6 months

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3
Q

12-13 year old vaccines

A

HPV

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4
Q

Pulses to check in infant

A

Brachial and femoral

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5
Q

Treating pertussis

A

macrolide

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6
Q

Vaccine in 20-32 Week pregnant women

A

for pertussis

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7
Q

Machine like murmur, bounding pulse, collapsing pulse, left subclavicular thrill

A

PDA

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8
Q

Management of PDA

A

indomethacin or ibuprofen

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9
Q

Microcephaly causes

A

Congenital infection, Hypoxic ischemic injury, fetal alcohol syndrome, patau syndrome and Craniosynstosis

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10
Q

Father to son in Hemophilia

A

0% transmission

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11
Q

Acute epiglottitis Cause

A

H. Influenza

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12
Q

Tripod position, dysphagia, drolling and distress

A

Epiglottitis

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13
Q

Steeple sign on XR

A

Croup

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14
Q

Thumb sign on XR

A

Epiglottitis

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15
Q

Bite and blister cells

A

G6PD

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16
Q

Osmotic fragility test

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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17
Q

Long face and protruding ear, neuro developmental delay and X dominant

A

Fragile X syndrome

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18
Q

Benign cause of Stridor in very young infant (4-6 weeks)

A

Laryngomalacia

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19
Q

Coxsackie A16 causes what disease

A

Hand, foot and mouth disease

Ulcers caused

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20
Q

Vesicoureteric reflux diagnosis

A

Micturating cystourethrogram

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21
Q

Scarring in VER test

A

Radionuclide scan using DMSA

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22
Q

> 48 hours to pass meconium, abdominal distension

A

Hirschsprung disease

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23
Q

Sausage shaped mass and red jelly currant stools

A

Intussuception

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24
Q

Exomphalos and Diaphragmatic hernia are associated with what GI condition

A

Malrotation

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25
Q

Chromosomal abnormality affecting females, short stature, webbed neck, Bicuspid aortic valve- E/S murmur, Coarcation of aorta, primary AMENORRHEA, horseshoe kidney, hypothyroidism

A

Turner Syndrome

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26
Q

Pica syndrome

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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27
Q

LRTI, up to 9 months, wheeze

A

Bronchiolitis

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28
Q

Stridor is a common sign of URTI

A

Croup

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29
Q

Commonest cause of Croup

A

Parainfluenza

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30
Q

Hepatomegaly in a child

A

Related to HF in children and suggests Congenital heart failure

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31
Q

Ejection systolic murmur in children

A

Are generally benign and innocent

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32
Q

Down syndrome Heart defect

A

AVSD

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33
Q

Down syndrome haematological relationship

A

Leukemia is associated with Down’s

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34
Q

AVSD will cause what type of murmur

A

Pan systolic Murmur

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35
Q

APGAR Score: important to Know

A

A: Activity (muscle tone): Absent (0), flexed arms or legs (1) and active (2)
P: Pulse: absent (0), below 100 (1), above 100 (2)
G: grimace: Floppy (0), minimal to stimuli (1) and prompt response to stimuli (2)
A: Appearance: blue/ pale (0), pink body and blue extremes (1) and pink body (2)
R: Respiration absent (0), Slow and regular (1) and vigorous cry (2)

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36
Q

A child that has weaned (post 6 months), diarrhoea or constipation, non-bloody stool, malabsorptive child - FTT

A

Celiac disease

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37
Q

Sickness, purpuric rash buttocks and lower limbs , abdominal pain; Proteinuria and hematuria

A

Henoch Schnlein Purpura (HSP)

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38
Q

Red blood shot eyes, red cracked lips and red tongue, red swollen hands, high fever, swollen feet and rash involving the body; No pus from eyes- non purulent conjunctivitis

A

Kawasaki disease

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39
Q

Complication of Kawasaki

A

Heart aneurysms and cardiovascular problems

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40
Q

Not passed meconium >48 hours, X-ray shows distended loop of bowel including rectum

A

Hirschsprung disease

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41
Q

Bilious vomiting; passed meconium - Fluidy

A

Duodenal atresia

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42
Q

Gold standard diagnosis of Hirschprung disease

A

Rectal biopsy

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43
Q

Cystitis vs Pyelonephritis

A

Fever, flank pain, abdominal pain - pyelonephritis
Cystitis: afebrile, UTI symptoms
Glomerulonephritis: Hematuria

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44
Q

Epistaxis, child, WBC raised, generalised enlargement, low platelets and HB; Lymphoid proliferation and less myeloid cells

A

ALL

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45
Q

Most common cause of Leukemia in children

A

ALL

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46
Q

Purpuric rash + High temperature + Viral symptoms

A

Meningococcal Septicaemia

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47
Q

Management of Meningococcal septicaemia

A

Ceftriaxone IV

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48
Q

ITP management

A

Steroids or immunoglobulin

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49
Q

Fever, presence of multiple joint swelling, Anemia; negative Antibodies and raised ESR in a child.

A

Juvenile Rheumatoid arthritis/ Still’s Disease

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50
Q

Salmon-pink rash

A

Juvenile Arthritis

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51
Q

Positive Kernig’s Sign; Neck stiffness and fever. Causative agent

A

In 1-3 months: GBS
3 months to 3 years: s pneumoniae, Meningitidis
3-10: Pneumoniae and meningitidis
10-19: Meningitidis

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52
Q

Rapid fever, Stridor and drooling with tripod position. Cause and pathogen

A

Epiglottitis and H. influenza

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53
Q

West’s Syndrome on EEG aka infantile spasms

A

Hypsarrhythmia

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54
Q

<3 month old, excess crying, pulling legs, benign

A

Infantile colic

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55
Q

Physiological jaundice

A

Day 2 to 14

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56
Q

Post gastroenteritis can cause what type of diarrhoea in children

A

Lactose intolerance

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57
Q

Most common cause of neonatal infection (<7 days)

A

GBS

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58
Q

Cyanosis or collapse in the first month of life, hypercyanotic spells, ejection systolic murmur at left sternal edge

A

TOF

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59
Q

Micrognathia; Low set ears, rocker bottom feet and overlapping fingers

A

Edward’s Syndrome

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60
Q

Risk factors for abruption

A

Previous history, BP high, premature ROM, Uterine injury, polyhydraminos, twins, Infection of the uterus, older age, and narcotic use

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61
Q

2 month vaccines

A

6 in 1 -DTAP
Oral rotavirus
Meningitis B

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62
Q

3 Month vaccine

A

6 in 1 vaccine (DTap + whooping cough, Hib and hepatitis B
oral Rotavirus vaccine
PCV

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63
Q

4 month

A

6 in vaccine and Men B

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64
Q

12-13 months

A

Hib/Men C, MMR, PCV, Men B

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65
Q

2-8 years

A

Flu vaccine - Annual

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66
Q

3-4 years

A

4-in 1 pre-school booster (diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio); MMR

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67
Q

12-13 years

A

HPV

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68
Q

13-18 years

A

3 in 1 teenage booster (tetanus, diphtheria and polio); Men ACWY

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69
Q

Prolonged neonatal jaundice (conjugate raised), HSM, abnormal growth, cardiac murmurs, Raised bile acids, dark urine and pale stools, deranged LFTs

A

Biliary atresia

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70
Q

Retinal hemorrhages, sub dural hematoma and encephalopathy

A

Shaken baby syndrome

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71
Q

> 3 month old baby and Meningitis - antibiotics?

A 
Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone only 
No amoxicillin (that is for <3 month old baby)
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72
Q

Most common complication of Measels

A

Acute otitis Media

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73
Q

Most common cause of death in Measels

A

Pneumonia

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74
Q

Fever first Rash later

A

Roseola Infantum
Cause: HHV-6

Nagayama spots- Uvula and soft palate

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75
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

Common in males
associated with turners
Causes HF in infancy and Hypertension in adulthood
Mid systolic murmur

USE PDA TO KEEP OPEN

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76
Q

2-4 weeks of life, vomiting, FTT, > males, projectile; Hypochloraemic, hypokalemic alkalosis

A

Pyloric stenosis
Thickened and elongated pylorus
Diagnosis: USS
management: Ramstedt Pylorotomy

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77
Q

migraine in children is commonly associated with

A

GI symptoms

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78
Q

Dilated bowel loops, bowel wall oedema, pneumatosis intestinalis, portal venous gas

A

Necrotising enterocolitis

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79
Q

Management of biliary atresia (neonatal jaundice)

A

Surgery

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80
Q

Severity signs in Bronchiolitis

A

Apnea, grunting, recession, RR>70, cyanosis, persistently low saturations <92

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81
Q

Neonatal Hypoglycemia

A

<2.6 mmol/L

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82
Q

Microcephaly, small eyes, low set of ears, cleft lip and polydactyly

A

Patau’s Syndrome

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83
Q

Transient tachypnea of the newborn is most associated with

A

C-section

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84
Q

Red jelly like stools, diagnosis and investigation

And management

A

ABdo USS - target sign
Intussuception
Air insufflation under radiology

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85
Q

Turner’s Syndrome is associated with what heart defects

A

Bicuspid aortic valve
Aortic root dilation
Coarctation of aorta

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86
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is associated with this cardiac pathology

A

DILATED cardiomyopathy

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87
Q

Movicol Paediatric plan is a type of

A

Osmotic laxative

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88
Q

Definitive management of Hirschsprung disease

A

Anorectal pull through

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89
Q

Sandpaper rash

A

Scarlet fever

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90
Q

Strawberry tongue, rash, caused by S. Pyogenes or GAS

A

Scarlet fever

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91
Q

Prebirth is related to

A

Neonatal hypoglycemia

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92
Q

Papular to vesicopapular conversion and also affected a contact of the child

A

Chickenpox

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93
Q

Slapped cheek rash

A

Parvovirus B19

Also related to Aplastic crisis

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94
Q

Sand paper rash, rough rash, erythematous, strawberry tongue

A

S. Pyogenes or GAHS

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95
Q

Impetigo caused by

A

Staphylococcus (Aureus)

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96
Q

Delayed puberty, wide short neck, low set ears and mid-systolic murmur (coarctation)

A

Turner’s Syndrome

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97
Q

1st sign of puberty in a girl

A

Breast development

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98
Q

First sign in boy puberty

A

Testes (6ml)

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99
Q

Lens dislocation, aortic/Mitral valve prolapse, aortic dissection, elongated limbs and high arched palate

A

Marfan’s Syndrome

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100
Q

AVSD, VSD or ASD; In what common genetic condition; Pulmonary hypertension causing eissenmenger

A

Down’s Syndrome

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101
Q

NRDS risk factor

A

Prematurity

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102
Q

TT of new born

A

C-section

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103
Q

Confirm diagnosis of Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

Anti-Streptococcal serology

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104
Q

Maculopapular rash becoming confulent

A

Measels

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105
Q

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is associated with

A

Dextrocardia

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106
Q

Test for Meckel’s Diverticulum; pain and bloody stool

A

Meckel’s Scan

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107
Q

Red-Currant jelly stools; Suasage shaped mass; Knee draw up to stomach

A

Intussuception

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108
Q

Purpuric rash, abdominal pain

A

HSP

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109
Q

Double bubble sign

A

Duodenal atresia

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110
Q

Vomiting at the end of paroxysmal cough

A

Whooping cough

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111
Q

Projectile vomiting early in life

A

Pyloric stenosis

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112
Q

Treat mycoplasma

A

Macrolides such as clarithromycin

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113
Q

No eye contact, pushes toys back and forth, impaired social interaction and repititive behaviour and rituals

A

Autism disorder

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114
Q

Hand preferable before 12 months

A

Cerebral palsy

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115
Q

A child can smile at

A

6 weeks

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116
Q

Grasp and to mouth and sits with support by

A

6 months

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117
Q

Peek a boo and sits without support; wave bye bye and pincer grip

A

9 months

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118
Q

when can a child speak 2 word sentences and draw a line

A

2 years

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119
Q

Screams intensely after feeds and arching back

A

Infant colic

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120
Q

Yellow crusting and fever, weeping area of skin

A

Impetigo - S. Aureus, Streptococcus, HSV, allergens

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121
Q

2 year old wheezing, coryza, increased RR

A

Viral induced wheeze

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122
Q

Undigested food, brown in colour, loose stools no FTT

A

Chronic non-specific diarrhoea

Also called toddlers diarrhoea

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123
Q

The ideal sleeping position for a pregnant woman is

A

On her left side; uterus is naturally dextro-rotated and left lateral position is good to prevent pressure on IVC and improves circulation

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124
Q

Heavy bleeding in post-menopausal woman refractory to medical treatment

A

Hysterectomy

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125
Q

Test in PCOS to find source of testosterone

A

DHEAS - adrenals gland vs ovarian

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126
Q

USS Measurement that most accurately identified SGA

A

Humerus length <5th centile for gestation age

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127
Q

Neonate heel prick tests

A

Sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, congenital hypothyroidism, PKU, MCADD, Maple syrup urine disease, isovaleric acidemia, HCU, Glutaric acid test

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128
Q

Asthma ladder in children <5 years

A 
Age <5
Step 1: SABA 
Step 2: SABA + 8 week trial of ICS
Step 3: SABA + Low ICS + LTRA
Step 4: Specialist
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129
Q

Asthma ladder in children >5 to 16 years

A 
SABA 
SABA + Low ICS 
SABA + Low ICS + LTRA 
SABA + Low ICS + LTRA +/- LABA 
SABA + MART +/- LTRA
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130
Q

Robertsonian translocation in mother is assocaited with

A

Down’s Syndrome

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131
Q

GBS is also called

A

S. Aglactiae

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132
Q

GAS

A

S. Pyogenes

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133
Q

Apgar score Appearance

A

Blue or pale (0); Blue extremes only (1); pink all over (2)`

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134
Q

Apgar pulse

A

No pulse (0), <100 (1), >100 (2)

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135
Q

Apgar Grimace*

A

No response to stimulation (0); weak cry when stimulated (1) and cries or pulls away when stimulated (2)

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136
Q

Activity Apgar

A

No activity (0); some flexion of limbs (1); limbs completely flexed and resist extension (2)

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137
Q

Apgar Respiration

A

No breathing(0); Irregular or gasping (1); regular and crying (2)

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138
Q

pneumonitis, patchy infiltrates and delivery associated complication and treat using surfactant in a neonate

A

Meconium aspiration syndrome

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139
Q

Treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn

A

Nitric oxide

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140
Q

Delay in resorption of lung fluid; associated with C-section and resolves spontaneously; fluid is seen in horizontal fissure and wet lungs

A

Transient tachypnea of the newborn

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141
Q

age range of prematurity

A

28 to 36 weeks

142
Q

Age range of extreme prematurity

A

23 to 27 weeks

143
Q

Lack of surfactant production by type 2 pneumocytes causing hypoxia and tachycardia, ground glass appearance on CXR

A

Hyaline membrane disease or RDS

144
Q

Unconjugated bilirubin accumulation in basal ganglia leading to choreoathetoid cerebral palsy and sensorineural hearing loss

A

Kernicterus

145
Q

Herniation through umblicus, bowel and viscera covered with membranous sac

A

Exomphalos

146
Q

Gastroschisis

A

herniation through abdominal wall right of umblicus, bowel is not covered with membrane

147
Q

LP CI as raised ICP in a suspected meningitis patient

A

CT scan

148
Q

Increased lymphocytes on LP

A

Viral, TB

149
Q

Increased neutrophils on LP (polymorphonuclear (PMN))

A

Bacterial meningitis

150
Q

Antibiotics in meningitis

A

Benzylpenicillin + Gentamycin in neonates or Ceftriaxone

151
Q

N. Meningitidis infection; fever, non blanching purpura, septic shock

A

Meningococcal septicaemia

Do a PCR

152
Q

Chemoprophylaxis for close contacts in Meningococcal septicemia

A

Rifampicin

153
Q

Most common cause of acquired heart disease in childhood in developed country

A

Kawasaki disease

154
Q

Fever >5 days; rash, non-purulent conjunctivitis, mucosal changes such as strawberry tongue, cracked lips and red pharynx; inflammed BCG scar; raised CRP or ESR and thrombophilia and associated with coronary aneurysms

A

Kawasaki disease

155
Q

6 months to 6 years is the age range for

A

Febrile seizures

156
Q

Jacksonian march and Todd’s paresis

A

Frontal lobe epilepsy

157
Q

Temporal lobe epilepsy

A

Automatisms, DEja vu and sensory

158
Q

sensory symptoms, distorted body image and vertigo

A

Parietal lobe epilepsy

159
Q

3 Hz spikes precipitated by hyperventilation

A

Absence seizures

160
Q

Infantile spasms or Wests syndrome

A

Salaam attacks, Hypsarrhythmia

161
Q

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

A

Myoclonic jerks, atypical absence seizures and atonic seizures

162
Q

Benign rolandic seizures

A

Tonic -clonic during sleep, partial during day

163
Q

Spastic symptoms including tone and reflexes, reduced power and dystonic features such as involuntary movements in a neurodevelopmental disease

A

Cerebral palsy

164
Q

Arnold-Chiari is associated with what type of hydrocephalus

A

Communicating

165
Q

ALL is associated with what neurodegenrative disorder of DNA repair

A

Ataxia telengiectasia

166
Q

Meconium ileus, bowel obstructions, rectal prolapseand pseudomonas or Burkholderia colonization are complications of

A

CF

167
Q

Sandifers syndrome is associated with what disorder

A

GORD

168
Q

Peas and carrots stool +/- mucous in a preschool child

A

Toddlers diarrhea

169
Q

Investigation of malrotation

A

contrast study

170
Q

treatment of biliary atresia

A

Kasai procedure also called hepatoportoenterostomy

171
Q

Small vessel vasculitis, purpura rash in thigh and buttock, abdominal pain, joint arthritis, hematuria, BP

A

HSP

172
Q

Undescended testes referral month

A

9 months

173
Q

Systolic, soft, does not radiate, change with posture and often heard in febrile child

A

Innocent murmur

174
Q

Absent or weak femoral pulse and hypertension in arms only, rib notching on CXR, RVH; Treat by balloon dilararion or stent; use PGE to keep ductus open

A

Coarctation of aorta

175
Q

Associated with de george; E/J murmur, cyanotic spells, Single heart sound, boot shaped heart

A

TOF

176
Q

Egg on side appearance

A

transposition of the GV

177
Q

Immune response to group A steph causing valve disease

A

Rheumatic fever

178
Q

What is the criteria of Rheumatic fever

A

Jones criteria

179
Q

Imprinting genetic conditions

A

prader-willi (Paternal) and Angleman (maternal)

180
Q

Round face, flat occiput, protruding tongue, epicanthic folds, brushfield spots in iris and singla palmar crease, sandal gap and reduced tone

A

Down’s

181
Q

edematous hands, feet, short stature, webbed neck, wide nipples, horseshoe kidney and normal IQ’ Coarctation **

A

Turner’s

182
Q

Kleinfelter

A

47XXY; tall, hypogonad, small testes, gynomastia, infertile

183
Q

Low IQ, prominent ears and enlarged testes; learning difficulty

A

Fragile X

184
Q

A dip in Hb at 6-9 weeks of age in healthy term baby

A

physiological anemia of infancy

185
Q

Test of hemolytic anemia

A

direct coombs test

186
Q

how to treat Helminth infections

A

Albendazole or mebendazole

187
Q

Anaphylaxis is a type of

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

188
Q

adrenaline IM in Anaphylaxis

A

0-6 years - 150 mcg
6-12 years 300 mcg
adults - 500 mcg

189
Q

WHat type of allergy is milk protein

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

190
Q

Describe severe attack of asthma

A 
spO2 <92% 
too breathless to talk or feed 
HR >140 
RR> 40 
Use of accessory muscles 
PEFR 33-50
191
Q

life-threatening attack of asthma

A

SPO2 <92%; PEFR <33%. silent chest, poor respiratory effort, normal pCo2

192
Q

treating acute asthma in children

A

SABA upto 10 puffs

steroid - prednisolone

193
Q

chronic asthma under 5

A

SABA
SABA + Mod ICS (8 weeks)
after 8 weeks give low dose

SABA + Low dose ICS + LTRA
Specialist referral

194
Q

chronic asthma above 5 - 16

A 
SABA 
SABA + Low ICS 
SABA + Low ICS + LTRA 
SABA + Low ICS + LTRA + LABA 
SABA + MART +/- LTRA
195
Q

Causative agent in bronchiolitis

A

RSV

196
Q

Bronchiolitis age group

A

under 1 year olds

197
Q

management of bronchiolitis

A

ventilatory support, oxygen, CPAP, Palivizumab in premature or congenital HD babies

198
Q

Itchy rash, dry, scaly, crusty, lichenification

A

Eczema

199
Q

HSV eczema herpeticum

A

Severe disease, vision, acyclovir must be used, painful rash, punched out lesion

200
Q

Management of eczema

A

1st: hydrate with emollients
2nd: topical corticosteroids (avoid on face)
wet wraps and cyclosporin for severe cases

201
Q

What predisposes to candida infection

A

use of oral antibiotics

202
Q

WHat are signs of a candida rash

A

Rash extending into the skin folds, large red macules, well-demarcated scaly borders, Satellite lesion, oral thrush

203
Q

rash with flakes, scalp rash

A

Suborrheic dermatitis

204
Q

Causes of hypoxic ischemic injury

A

Placental abruption, uterine rupture, embolism, severe bradycardia and prolonged labour

205
Q

What staging is used in Hypoxic ischemic injury

A

Sarnat staging: mental status, muscular tobe, reflexes and autonomic function

206
Q

what is the temperature range in therapeutic cooling in neonates

A

33.5 to 35

207
Q

HEI gold standard diagnosis

A

diffusion weighted MRI

208
Q

Starting at head and trunk then rest of the body, progress through papules, vesicles, pustule, crusting.

A

VZV - chicken pox

209
Q

GAS aka S. Pyogenes can lead to what in VZV infection

A

Necrotizing fasciitis or toxic shock syndrome

210
Q

Failure of the frontonasal and maxillary processes to fuse

A

Cleft lip

211
Q

Failure of the palatine processes and the nasal septum to fuse

A

Cleft palate

212
Q

Surgical correction of cleft lip and palate

A

at 3 months - Cleft lip

at 3-12 months- Palate

213
Q

Dermatitis herpetiform is associated to

A

coeliac disease

214
Q

Investigations in coeliac disease

A

TTG IgA; total IgA; biopsy is gold standard

215
Q

Cynotic heart diseases

A

Truncus arteriosus, Transposition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia, TOF

216
Q

Egg on a string appearance on CXR

A

Transposition of the great arteries

217
Q

TOF

A

overriding aorta over a VSD, pulmonary stenosis and RVH

218
Q

Boot-shaped appearance on CXR

A

TOF

219
Q

what prevents closure of PDA

A

Prostaglandins PGE

220
Q

Absent femoral pulse and hypertension in child

A

Coarctation of aorta

221
Q

Rib notching

A

COA

222
Q

Washing machine murmur (continous murmur)

A

PDA

223
Q

Closure of PDA- drugs

A

NSAIDs such as ibuprofen or indomethacin

224
Q

benign obstructive condition, fixed S2 split

A

ASD

225
Q

Most commo congenital heart defect

A

VSD

226
Q

VSD is associated to

A

Down’s

227
Q

Sticky eyes cause and treatment

A

S Aureus, P aeruginosa and Streptococcus

treat with topical ointment such as neomycin and cholarmphenicol

228
Q

purulent discharge with swollen eye lids within 48 hours of life

A

IV antibiotics such as Cephalosporins treat gonococcal conjunctivitis

229
Q

Discharge at the end of 1st week

A

Chlamydial conjunctivitis - erythromycin or topical tetracycline

230
Q

Treat bacterial conjunctivitis with

A

fusidic acid or gentamycin

231
Q

Treating allergic conjunctivitis

A

Sodium cromoglicate and nedocromil - mast cell stabilizer

232
Q

croup age

A

6 months to 3 years

233
Q

Cause of croup

A

Parainfluenza Virus 1 and 2

234
Q

Management of croup

A

Mild dexamethasone

moderate: Dexamethasone + Adrenaline (nebulized)
severe: oxygen + As above

235
Q

X-ray of croup

A

Steeple sign in frontal neck radiograph

Lateral: thumb sign

236
Q

Cause of cutaneous warts

A

HPV

237
Q

What causes of Molluscum contagiosum and what are its features

A

Poxvirus causes molluscum contangiosum and features include skin coloured papule with central umblication, multiple and widespread

238
Q

Inheritance of Cystic fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive

239
Q

Chloride in CF

A

Out in sweat and inside in pancreas

Thick secretion and blocked ducts

240
Q

Is meconium ileus linked to CF

A

yes

241
Q

What is the most common cause of death in CF

A

P aeruginosa

242
Q

What causes loss of elidibility to lung transplant

A

Burkholderia Cepacia complex

243
Q

Investigation in CF

A

Sweat test
Trypsin
Pancreatic biopsy

244
Q

Management of CF

A

Ivacaftor is a CFTR potentiator

Lumacaftor corrects misfolded protein

245
Q

Diet in CF

A

Fat rich diet

246
Q

Low platelet, increased bleeding time, Increased PT, increased APTT, D-dimer and FDP are high

A

DIC

247
Q

Superficial bleeding, deep bleeding, bleeding from every orifice, causes: obstretic complications, trauma, sepsis, snake bite

A

DIC

248
Q

treatment of DIC

A

FFP + Platelet transfusion + cryoprecipitate

249
Q

11-13+6 weeks down’s screening

A

HCG (increased) + PAPP-A (decreased) + thickened nuchal translucency

250
Q

trisomy 18

A

Edwards

251
Q

Trisomy 13

A

Pataus

252
Q

Triple test

A

AFP + HCG + unconjugated oestriol

253
Q

Quadruple

A

AFP + HCG + Inhibin A + Oestriol

254
Q

Phenotypical features of down’s Syndrome

A

Flat nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, brushfield spots in iris, round and flat face, up slanting palpebral fissures, small chin, small mouth, broad hands, short stature, hypotonia and poor mororeflex

255
Q

Inadequate gubernacular fixation of the lower pole of the testes to the tunica vaginalis, acute scrotal pain, profound swelling and diffuse tenderness, high rising testes, spermatic cord is not tender, cremasteric reflex is lost and no ease of pain with lifting testes

A

Testicular torsion

256
Q

diagnosis of testicular torsion

A

Doppler USS

257
Q

Management of torsion

A

urgent surgical detorsion (within 6 hours of onset) + bilateral orchipexy
Fixation of both the testes
Manual detorsion if surgery not available in 2 hours

258
Q

Cause of epididymitis

A

<35 year old: gonorrhea and chlamydia

>35 year : E coli

259
Q

Non-infective / drug cause of epididymitis

A

amiodarone

260
Q

diagnosis of epididymitis

A

cremasteric reflex is present, cord is tender, UTI signs

Urine NAAT for gonorrhea and Chlamydia

261
Q

Management of Epididymitis

A

Doppler uss to rule out torsion
<35 year: Ceftriaxone + Azithromycin or doxycyline
>35 year: Fluoroquinolone or trimethoprim

262
Q

Most common cause of Epiglottitis

A

H Influenza B (before vaccine)

GAS (pyogenes)

263
Q

Tripod position is associated with

A

epiglottitis

264
Q

Lateral neck radiograph shows thumbprint sign in

A

Epiglottitis

265
Q

Age group for febrile seizures

A

6 months to 5 years

266
Q

Commonest cause of vomiting in infancy

A

GORD

267
Q

What is Sandifer syndrome

A

Arch back and turns head due to GORD

268
Q

Trial of PPI in infants for GORD only if

A

Unexplained feeding difficulty, distressing behaviour, and faltering growth

269
Q

Treatment surgical for GORD

A

Nissen Fundoplication

270
Q

Hematuria, Proteinuria, RBC cast, hypertension, and renal failure

A

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

271
Q

RBC casts suggest

A

Acute glomerulonephritis

272
Q

Berger’s disease is

A

IgA nephropathy

273
Q

C3 and C4 in glomerulonephritis

A

C3 low and C4 normal

274
Q

Small vessel vasculitis, peaks in 4-6 year olds, preceded by viral infection, purpuric rash with predominant thigh and buttock distribution and abdominal pain, large joint arthritis, can lead to Berger’s

A

HSP

275
Q

Groin hernias in children

A

indirect inguinal

276
Q

a hernia in newborns should be corrected within

A

few weeks of life

277
Q

Umblical hernia

A

resolve by 3 years

surgery at 5 years

278
Q

Roseola Infantum or Erythema subitum cause

A

HHV-6

279
Q

High spiking fever up to 41 C, rash appears after fever

A

Roseola

280
Q

When does transitional hypoglycemia occur

A

2-3 hour after birth

281
Q

Neonatal hypoglycemia most common causes

A

prematurity, diabetic mother and SGA

282
Q

Management of hypoglycemia

A

support breast feeding, IV dextrose 2nd line,

283
Q

refractory to feeding- hypoglycemia management

A

Dexamethasone + hydrocortisone
glucagon
Ocreotide

284
Q

Golden crusted lesion around mouth, blister, only epidermis involved

A

impetigo

285
Q

Cause of impetigo

A

S. Aureus; GAS; P. Aeruginosa

286
Q

Treatment of impetigo

A

1st line Mupirocin
fluocoxacillin
Allergy - Erythromycin or cephalosporin

287
Q

Most common type of influenza

A

type A

288
Q

Aspirin leading to encephalopathy and liver disease in young child

A

Reye syndrome

289
Q

treatment of influenza

A

Neuraminidase inhibitor

Adamantane

290
Q

Persistent vomiting, bilious, green bile, distention, failure to pass stool or wind, abnormal bowel sounds, tinkling and high pitched and absent later

A

obstruction

291
Q

Diagnosis of intestinal obstruction

A

AXR- dilated loop of bowel proximally

collapsed distally

292
Q

Obstruction management

A

NBM
NG tube
IV fluids

293
Q

Common age for intussuception

A

<2 years, 3 month to 6 years

294
Q

Most common site of intussuception

A

Ileocecal

295
Q

Triad of intussusception

A

Intermittent colicky pain + vomiting + bloody stools

296
Q

Palpable RUQ suasage mass

A

Intussecption

297
Q

red currant jelly stools

A

Intussecption

298
Q

Test of choice in intussecption

A

Target sign

299
Q

Treatment of intussecption

A

Rectal air insufflation

300
Q

Rash + bloody stools + 3 months of lofe, wheeze,

A

Cows milk protein intolerance

301
Q

1st line for paediatric pneumonia

A

Ampicillin or amoxicillin
2nd line is Vancomycin or Clindamycin
Add Azithromycin in infants under 6 weeks to cover for chlaymdia

302
Q

Treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Azithromycin for 5 days

303
Q

Cause of whooping cough

A

Bordetella pertussis

304
Q

women between 20-32 weeks pregnant get vaccine for

A

Whooping cough

305
Q

Bordetella pertussis treatment

A

Azithromycin

306
Q

Measels is also called

A

Rubeola

307
Q

3 Cs of Measels

A

Cough, conjunctivitis, and coryza

Classic koplik spots, maculopapular rash

308
Q

Complication of measels

A

Acute otitis media common; LRTI, encephalitis, Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; febrile convulsions, giant cell pneumonia

309
Q

Most common inborn error of AA

A

PKU (Autosomal Recessive)

310
Q

PKU

A

Developmental delay, infantile spasm, behaviour issues and mousy urine smell

311
Q

Treatment of Homocystinuria

A

AD, Vitamin B6 pyridoxine

312
Q

Krebs cycle disease

A

Maple-syrup disease

treat with thiamine

313
Q

Mumps

A

Respiratory tract epithelial cells - Parotid glands - other tissues

314
Q

Complications of mumps

A

Meningoencephalitis; orchitis - post-pubertal males

315
Q

DMD is X linked or autosomal

A

X-linked recessive

316
Q

what can improve strength in DMD

A

Creatine oral

317
Q

DMD is associated with what cardiac problem

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

318
Q

Most common cause of preseptal cellulitis

A

Staphylococcus and GAS

319
Q

Orbital cellulitis presents with

A

swelling, diplopia, abnormal eye movement, pain with eye movement and proptosis

320
Q

Diagnosis of orbital cellulitis

A

Ct with contrast

321
Q

treatment of orbital cellulitis

A

cephalosporin + vancomycin

Abscess - drain

322
Q

Peptic ulcers in children are commonly

A

Duodenal

323
Q

Investigation for ulcers in children

A

Breath test and Upper Gi endoscopy and biopsy

324
Q

Treat ulcers in children

A

Triple therapy with amoxicillin or clarithromycin, bismuth, metronidazole and omeprazole

325
Q

what is a type of hereditary peripheral neuropathy

A

Charcoat Marie tooth disease

326
Q

Inheritance of Charcoat Marie

A

AD
presentation: progressive distal weakness, lower limbs with peroneal muscle weakness and atrophy
also involves tibial muscles; sensory as well

327
Q

Strok legs, Pes cavus, hammer toes and claw hands

A

Charcoat marie- atropy, sprains, contractures

328
Q

Diagnosis of Charcoat marie

A

Sural nerve biopsy

329
Q

Non bilious vomit, firm olive mass, projectile, post prandial, hungry, peristalsis, dehydration and jaundice
Hypochloremia and metabolic alkalosis

A

Pyloric stenosis

330
Q

Test of choice in pyloric stenosis

A

USS

331
Q

Treatment of Pyloric stenosis

A

Ramstedt pylorotomy

332
Q

NRDS risk factors (leading to surfactant LD)

A

prematurity, male, c-section, asphyxia, second twin

333
Q

Surfactant stimulants

A

Glucocorticoids, thyroxine, prolactin

334
Q

SLD on CXR

A

ground lung appearance

biopsy shows pink hyaline membrane

335
Q

Purulent exudates in tonsils

A

GBS or EBV

336
Q

positive culture for GBS

A

10 day antibiotics - use penicillin V or erythromycin

337
Q

hot potato voice

A

Epiglottitis

338
Q

retropharyngeal abscess

A

Lateral neck film; CT may be

339
Q

Infant under 3 month with UTI

A

admit always

340
Q

itchy edematous plaques, trunk extremities and ears

A

urticaria

341
Q

treatment of urticaria

A

Antihistamines, steroids, LTRA and immunosuppressants

342
Q

important: cause of Scarlet fever

A

GAS / S Pyogrenes

343
Q

Sandpaper skin, strawberry tongue

A

GAS, scarlet

treat with penicillin V

344
Q

complications of Rubella

A

Thrombocytopenia and encephalitis

345
Q

Triad of congenital rubell syndrome

A

deafness, blindness and congenital heart disease

346
Q

Slapped cheek

A

Parvovirus B19

can cause myocarditis

347
Q

Roseola caused by

A

HHV; high fever

348
Q

cause of volvulus

A

incomplete rotation of the gut during embryonic period

349
Q

what type of vomit in volvulus

A

bilious vomit

350
Q

Associated conditions with volvulus

A

Exomphalous and diaphragmatic hernia

351
Q

management of volvulus

A

Laparotomy or ladd procedure

352
Q

UMN lesion, toe walk, hypertonicity, dystonia and chorea, ataxia and scissor gait

A

Cerebral palsy

Year 3 (11 decks)

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