Cardiology Flashcards
Heart failure and AF
Digoxin as 2nd line
AF rate control
Beta blockers, Calcium blockers and 3rd line Digoxin 2nd line if HF
Unstable NSTEMI
Coronary angiography
Stable NSTEMI
GRACE
Malignant hypertension
severe hypertension + Bilateral retinal hemorrhage and exudates
STEMI management
aspirin, Clopidogrel; unfractioned heparin - PCI patients
Two types of ASD
Ostium primium and secundum
Ejection systolic murmur, Fixed splitting S2
ASD
RBBB and LBBB
William Marrow V1 and V6
1st line for HF
Beta blocker and ACE inhibitor
Second line for HF
Aldosterone antagonist
Patient symptomatic on ACE and ARBs
Sucubitril-Valsartan
HF + AF preferred drug
Digoxin
AF unstable patient >HR and
DC cardioversion
Ventricular tachycardia broad complex management
Loading dose of amiodarone
management of bradycardia
Atropine 500mcg upto 3 mg- 1st line
Transcutaneous pacing
Isoprenaline or adrenaline titration to response
Management of Torsades (polymorphic VT)
IV MGSO4
Angina management
Beta blocker or calcium blocker as 1st line
Calcium blocker - verapamil or diltiazem
With beta blocker - Nifedipine
3rd line: Long acting nitrate, Ivabradine and nicorandil
Young man, AF, 0 CHADVAS score next step??
Transthoracic Echo - valve disease
Painful bones, renal stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans.
Hypercalcemia
Diarrhoea, vomiting, impaired thirst, weight loss, oliguria and hypovolemia
Hypernatremia
Mental state changes, altered personality, lethargy, confusion, hyper reflexes and seizures due to electrolyte imbalance
Hyponatremia
K <= 4.5 and Hypertensive - 3rd line
Spironolactone
K >4.5 and 3rd line antihypertensive
Beta blocker or alpha blocker
u waves on ECG associated with
Hypokalemia
Can be caused by thiazides like diuretics
Tall T waves are seen in what electrolyte
Hyperkalemia
can be due to ACE-inhibitors
Apical ballooning of chest, Raised troponin and ST elevation
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Trigger is stress
Weak or absent pulse, variation in BP, chest pain (like MI)
Aortic Dissection
Splinter Hemorrhages
Infective endocarditis
Slow rising pulse
Aortic stenosis
Pan-systolic murmur of the left heart
Mitral Regurgitation
ST depression in lead V1-V3, Tall R waves in V1-V3, inverted T wave in lead aVR and all other leads are normal + Chest pain
Posterior wall MI
Transfer PCI time
120 minutes
AF cardioversion drugs
Amiodarone (preferred if SHD)
Flecainide
Same day referral for hypertension
> 180/120; papilloedema; new onset confusion; heart failure or kidney failure
1st line investigation for Suspected CAD, angina
Contrast enhanced CT coronary angiogram
Pulsus paradoxus
> 10 mmHg fall in Bp during inspiration
Severe asthma and cardiac tamponade
Slow rising pulse
Aortic stenosis
Collapsing pulse
Aortic regurgitation; PDA
Bisferiens pulse
TWO systolic peaks; Mixed aortic valve
Jerky pulse
HOCM
Rupture of papillary muscle leads to
Early to mid systolic murmur that radiates to axilla
fever, post-MI, anemia, Raised ESR, and pleural effusions
Dressler’s syndrome ; 2-6 weeks post MI
HF + signs of Cardiac tamponade including muffled heart sounds, raised JVP and pulses paradoxus
Left ventricular free wall rupture
Persistent ST elevation post MI
LV aneurysm
Posterior wall MI on ECG
Tall R waves in V1-V2
Vessel that causes leg weakness in stroke
Anterior vessels
Vessels that cause face and arm weakness in stroke
Middle cerebral arteries
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing and visual agnosia in stroke
Posterior cerebral artery
Ipsilateral CN3 palsy + Contralateral weakness of upper and lower extremes
Weber’s Syndrome
PCA branches that supply the midbrain
Ipsilateral facial paralysis and deafness + Facial temp loss
Contralateral: limb pain and temp loss; ataxia and nystagmus
Anterior inferior cerebellar syndrome
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (lateral medullary syndrome)
Ipsilateral: facial pain and temp loss
Contralateral: limb and torso pain + temp loss, ataxia and nystagmus
Amaurosis fugax
Retinal or ophthalmic artery
Locked in syndrome
Basilar artery
Isolated hemiparesis, hemisensory loss or hemparesis with limb ataxia; Hypertension associated and affects basal ganglia, thalamus and internal capsule
Lacunar stroke
Narrow complex tachycardia, stable patient, 1st line management
Vagal manoeuvres eg. valsalva or carotid sinus massage
2nd line: adenosine or Verapamil
General transfusion threshold vs ACS threshold
70 g/L
80 g/L
Kussmauls Sign
Sign of Constrictive pericarditis and is the JVP that does not fall with inspiration.
Ankylosis Spondylitis is associated with which Heart defect
Aortic regurgitation
1st heart imaging in Endocarditis
Transthoracic Echocardiogram
Ejection systolic murmur louder on inspiration
Pulmonary stenosis
Describe murmur of mitral stenosis
Mid-late diastolic murmur heard on expiration
MVP murmur
Mid systolic murmur heard best on expiration
Tricuspid stenosis murmur
Mid-late diastolic murmur heard loudest in inspiration
Aortic stenosis murmur
Ejection systolic best heard in expiration
RILE (just a pneumonic)
Right inspiration
Left expiration
Types of ejection systolic murmurs
Aortic stenosis (best heard on expiration) HOCM (best heard on expiration)
Pulmonary stenosis (best heard on inspiration) ASD (best heard on inspiration)
TOF is also a E/S murmur
Describe all Holosystolic murmurs
Mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation
VSD
Describe all late systolic murmurs
MVP and coarctation of aorta
Early diastolic murmur
Aortic regurgitation (blowing and high pitched ) Graham steel Murmur: Pulmonary regurgitation
Mid-late diastolic murmurs
Mitral stenosis and Austin flint (AR) both are rumbling
Inferior wall MI
RCA - 2,3 and avF
Anteroseptal MI
V1 to V4- LAD
Anterolateral
V4 to V6; 1 and aVL: LAD or LCx
Lateral 1, aVL and v5-6
Left circumflex
Posterior wall MI
Tall R waves in V1 to V2
Treatment of Torsades de pointes
IV magnesium sulphate
Posterior circulation symptoms such as dizziness, vertigo during exertion of an arm.
Subclavian steal syndrome
management: percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or a stent
Acute pericarditis management
NSAID and colchicine
Electrical Alternans is a sign of
Cardiac tamponade
ECG of Eisenmenger’s Syndrome shows
RVH
Most common cause of Endocarditis
S. Aureus
Most common cause of Endocarditis in IVDUs
S. Aureus
Microbe linked with poor dental hygiene or following dental procedure in endocarditis
S. Viridans
Most common microbe linked to colon cancer in endocarditis
S. BOVIS
Microbe in endocarditis linked to Q fever and farm animals
Coxiella burnetti
Prosthetic valve surgery and Endocarditis
S. epidermis
Dissented JVP; Muffled heart sounds and Hypotension
Beck’s triad of Cardiac tamponade
NSTEMI anti platelet choice
Aspirin Plus Ticagrelor (if not high risk for bleeding) Plus Clopidogrel (if high risk)
Deeply inverted or biphasic waves in V2-V3 in a person with history of angina
Wellen’s syndrome; Critical stenosis of the lAD
Acute HF is associated with S3 or S4
S3
Most common valve that is affected in endocarditis
Right sided valve; Tricuspid valve
J waves on ECG
Hypothermia
Blood test to determine reincarnation between 3-4 days following infarction
CKMB
K >4.5 mmol/L and 4th line antihypertensive
Alpha blocker or beta blocker
Infective endocarditis causing HF- management
Emergency valve replacement
VSDs increase the risk of what heart condition
Endocarditis
SE Bendroflumethazide
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Management of SVTs
Vagal manoeuvres + carotid sinus massage
IV adenosine -6mg + 12 mg+ 12 mg CI? Give verapamil
Electrical cardioversion
Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with
Heart failure
What Drug is CI in HOCM
ACE-inhibitors
One off Hyperkalemia on blood test for Ramipril
Repeat the test for U/E
Cocaine induced ACS is caused by
Coronary artery spasm
SVC syndrome cause
Lung cancer
What is 1st line in sinus bradycardia
Atropine