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Pediatrics/ Maternity > Pediatric - GI > Flashcards

Pediatric - GI Flashcards

1
Q

Mild or severe diarrhea can lead too

A

Dehydration

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2
Q

What is acute diarrhea

A

Sudden increase in frequency and change in consistency of stool

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3
Q

What is acute diarrhea secondary to

A

Infectious agent in the G.I. tract, upper respiratory infection, urinary track infection, anabiotic used or laxative use

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4
Q

When does self resolution of diarrhea occur

A

Less than 14 days if dehydration does not occur

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5
Q

What is chronic diarrhea?

A

Increase in frequency and change of consistency of stools for more than 14 days

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6
Q

What is dehydration

A

Body fluid disturbance when output exceeds intake

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7
Q

Risk factors for diarrhea

A

Flag of normal elimination pattern, lack of clean water, poor hygiene, crowded, living environments, poor sanitation, nutritional definiency

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8
Q

What is Rotavirus

A

Most common cause of diarrhea in children younger than 5

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9
Q

What happens during rotavirus

A

Instead of watery stools
Diarrhea for 5 to 7 days
Vomiting for approximately two days

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10
Q

How do you get rotavirus?

A

Fecal oral transmission

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11
Q

What is the incubation period for Rotavirus

A

48 hours

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12
Q

What is yersinia enertcolitis

A

Bacterial infection

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13
Q

What happens when you get yersinia enertcolitis

A

Mucoid, possibly bloody diarrhea
Abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting

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14
Q

How do you get yersinia enertcolitis

A

Transmission through pets and food

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15
Q

Incubation period for yersinia enertcolitis

A

1-3 weeks

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16
Q

What is escherichia coli

A

Bacterial infection

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17
Q

What happens when you get escherichia coli

A

Watery diarrhea for one to two days followed by abdominal cramping in bloody diarrhea
Could lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome

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18
Q

Incubation period for escherichia coli

A

3-4 days

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19
Q

What is salmonella nontyphodial groups

A

Bacterial infection

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20
Q

What happens when you get salmonella nontyphodial groups

A

Mild to severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, bloody, diarrhea, and fever
Diarrhea can last 2 to 3 weeks
Possible, headache, confusion, seizures
Can lead to meningitis or septicemia

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21
Q

How do you get salmonella nontyphodial groups

A

Person-to-person, undercooked meat and poultry

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22
Q

Incubation period for salmonella nontyphodial groups

A

6-72 hours

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23
Q

What is clostridium diffiicile

A

Bacterial infection
Infection can occur from overgrowth of C. difficile following anabiotic therapy

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24
Q

What happens when you get clostridium diffiicile

A

Mild watery, diarrhea for a few days
Less severe and children than adults

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25
Q

How do you get clostridium diffiicile

A

Contact with colonized spores

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26
Q

What is clostridium botulinum

A

Bacterial infection

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27
Q

What happens when you get clostridium botulinum

A

Abdominal pain and cramping and diarrhea
Possible respiratory or CNS problems

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28
Q

How do you getclostridium botulinum

A

Transmission contaminated food products

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29
Q

Incubation period for clostridium botulinum

A

12 to 26 hours

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30
Q

What is shigella groups: Shigellosis

A

Bacterial infection

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31
Q

What happens when you get shigella groups: Shigellosis

A

Sick appearance
Fever, fatigue, and anorexia
Cramping abdomen, followed by watery or bloody diarrhea lasting 5 to 10 days

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32
Q

How do you get shigella groups: Shigellosis

A

Contaminated, food, or water

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33
Q

Incubation period for shigella groups: Shigellosis

A

1-7 days

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34
Q

What is Norwalk like organisms: caliciviruses

A

Viral infection

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35
Q

What happens when you get Norwalk like organisms: caliciviruses

A

Abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, malaise, watery, diarrhea
Last 2 to 3 days

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36
Q

How do you get Norwalk like organisms: caliciviruses

A

Contaminated water

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37
Q

Incubation period for Norwalk like organisms: caliciviruses

A

12-48 hours

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38
Q

What is staphylococcus?

A

Bacterial infection

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39
Q

What happens when you have staphylococcus?

A

Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting

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40
Q

How do you get staphylococcus?

A

Inadequately cooked or refrigerated food

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41
Q

What is the incubation period for staphylococcus?

A

1-8 hr

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42
Q

What is enterobius vermicularis

A

Pinworm
Helminthic infection

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43
Q

What happens when you get pinworms?

A

Peroneal, itching, enuresis sleeplessness, restlessness, and irritability due to itching

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44
Q

What is the transmission is pinworm?

A

Fecal oral

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45
Q

What is pin worm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

Ingested or inhaled eggs hatch in the upper intestine in mature after mating worms migrated out of the intestine in like eggs eggs can survive 22 to 3 weeks on surfaces

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46
Q

What is giardia lamblia:

A

Parasitic pathogen

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47
Q

What happens when you get giardia lamblia:

A

Children five years or younger
Diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia

Older children
Abdominal cramps intermittent loose malodorous pale greasy stool

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48
Q

How do you get? giardia lamblia:

A

 Person-to-person food and animals

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49
Q

What does a tape test diagnose?

A

Enterobius vermicularis :pin worm

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50
Q

How do you perform a tape test?

A

Please transparent tape over the child’s anus at bedtime preferably after child is asleep
Caregiver should remove the tape just prior to the child awakening if possible prior to the child toileting her bathing

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51
Q

Diagnostic tools for diarrheal agents

A

Stool sample or stool culture

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52
Q

What should the nurse do if a patient has an acute infectious G.I. Issue

A

Daily weight
Avoid rectal temp
Monitor I & o

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53
Q

In what infectious G.I. issue do you administer antibiotics

A

Shigella
C. difficile
G lamblia

54
Q

What a cute infectious G.I. issues. Should you avoid antibiotics

A

E. coli
Salmonella

55
Q

What a cute G.I. infectious disorder should you avoid anti-motility agents

A

E. coli
Salmonella
Shigella

56
Q

If a patient is dehydrated, what is the priority nursing action?

A

Start replacements with oral replacement solution

57
Q

What is oral rehydration therapy and how do you use it?

A

Start replacement with oral replacement solution of 75 to 90 MEQ of sodium over four hours
Give ORS alternatively with intake of other liquids (breast, milk, formula)
Replace each diarrheal store with 10 mL per kilogram of ORS

58
Q

What do you use Metronidazole for

A

C. difficile and g lamblia

59
Q

What do you use mebendazole for

A

Enterobius vermicularis : pin worms

60
Q

It’s a patient has pinworms. How should the family go about preventing them?

A

Entire family should be treated at the same time

61
Q

If patient has a cute infectious G.I. issue, what should you educate them on?

A

Informing child school
Child should stay home during incubation. Period.
Fruits, carbonated, sodas, caffeine, chicken, or beef broth should be avoided
Provide skin care to print skin breakdown

62
Q

If a patient in your house has acute G.I. infectious disorder. What should you be doing?

A

Change bed linens, and underwear daily for several days
Avoid shaking linens
Cleanse, toys
Avoid undercooked or under refrigerated food
Proper hand, hygiene
Do not share dishes and utensils,
Clip nails and discouraged, nailbiting 

63
Q

What is isotonic dehydration?

A

Water and sodium are lost in nearly equal amounts

Result in hypovolemic shock

64
Q

What is hypotonic dehydration?

A

Electrolyte loss is greater than water loss

Water changes from extra cellular fluid to intracellular fluid

65
Q

What is hypertonic dehydration?

A

Water loss is greater than electrolyte loss
Fluid shifts from intracellular to extracellular

Check for neurological changes

66
Q

What are manifestations of severe dehydration?

A

Weight loss greater than 10%
Capillary refill greater than four seconds
Dry, mucous membranes, tented skin
No tearing
Sunken anterior fontanelle

67
Q

What is contraindicated in hypertonic dehydration

A

Rapid fluid replacement is contraindicated because of risk of cerebral edema

68
Q

A nurse is caring for a child who has had watery diarrhea for the past three days which of the following is an action for the nurse to take
Offer chicken broth
Initiate oral rehydration therapy
Start hypertonic IV solution
Keep NPO until diarrhea subsides

A

Initiate oral rehydration therapy

69
Q

A nurse is caring for a child who is suspected to have enterobius vermicularis which of the following action, should the nurse take?
Perform a tape test
Collect a stool specimen for culture
Tess the store for occulut blood 
Initiate IV fluids

A

Perform a tape test

70
Q

The nurse is assessing a child who has rotavirus infection, which of the following are expected findings (select)
Fever
Vomiting
Watery stools
Bloody stools
Confusion

A

Fever
Vomiting
Watery stools

71
Q

A nurse is teaching a group of parents about Salmonella, which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching( select)
Incubation period is non-specific
It is a bacterial infection
Bloody diarrhea is common
Transmission can be from house pets
Antibiotics are used for treatment

A

It is a bacterial infection
Bloody diarrhea is common
Transmission can be from house pets

72
Q

A nurse is teaching a group of caregivers about E. coli which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching(select)

Severe abdominal cramping occurs
Watery diarrhea is present for more than five days
It can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome
It is a foodborne pathogen
Antibiotics are given for treatment

A

Severe abdominal cramping occurs
It can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome
It is a foodborne pathogen

73
Q

What is a cleft lip?

A

Results from the incomplete fusion of the oral cavity during intrauterine life

74
Q

What is a cleft palate?

A

Result from incomplete fusion of the pallets during interuterine life

75
Q

Risk factor for cleft lip or palate

A

Other syndromes
History,
Exposure to alcohol, cigarette smoke, anticonvulsants, retinoids, or steroids during pregnancy
Folate deficiency during pregnancy 

76
Q

Expected findings in a cleft lip

A

Visible separation from the upper lip towards the nose

77
Q

Expected findings in a cleft palate

A

Physical or palpable opening of the pallet connecting the mouth in the nasal cavity

78
Q

When does a cleft lip repair typically get done

A

Between 2 to 3 months of age

79
Q

When does a cleft palate repair typically get done

A

Between 6 to 12 months of age
Most require second surgery

80
Q

What are pre-operative nursing actions for a cleft lip or pallet repair

A

Inspect the lip and palate palpate using Gloved to palpate pellet
 Assess ability to suck
Observe interaction between Family 🏠 and infant
Assess ability to feed

81
Q

For isolated cleft lip what strategies do you give for successful feeding

A

Encourage breast-feeding
Use white bass nipple for bottlefeeding
Squeezy infants cheeks together during the feeding to decrease the gap

82
Q

For cleft palate or cleft lip and palate strategies for successful feeding

A

Possession in the infant upright, well cradling the head during the feeding
You specialize bottle with a one-way valve and especially cut nipple
Burp the infant frequently
Syringe feeding’s can be necessary

83
Q

Post operative, nursing actions of a cleft lip or pallet repair

A

Keep infant pain-free to decrease crying and stress on repair
Assess site for manifestations of crusting bleeding an infection
Avoid having the infant suck on a nipple or pacifier
Avoid spoons and forks

84
Q

Postoperative nursing actions for just a cleft lip

A

Monitor integrity of protective device to ensure proper positioning
Position the infant on the back and upright
Apply elbow restrains to keep the infant from entering the repair site
Use water or diluted hydrogen peroxide to clean incision site

85
Q

Postoperative actions for just a cleft palate

A

Change the infants position frequently to facilitate drainage in breathing
Please infant inside lane position
Infant usually NPO for four hours, then allowed liquids for only the first 3 to 4 days
Avoid placing a straw tongue, depressor hard pacifier in mouth

86
Q

How should you place s feeding an infant, who has ear infection or hearing loss

A

Feed infant an upright position

87
Q

What is GER

A

Gastric contents reflux, back up into the esophagus, making esophageal mucosa vulnerable to injury from gastric acid

88
Q

What is GERD

A

Tissue damage from GER

89
Q

Risk factors for GER

A

Prematurity, neurological impairment, asthma, cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, scoliosis

90
Q

Risk factors for Gerd

A

Neurological impairment, hiatal, hernia, morbid obesity

91
Q

Expected findings for an infant with Gerd

A

Spitting up or forcefully vomiting
Excessive crying
Blood in vomit us
Arcing of back
Stiffening
Failure to thrive

92
Q

Expected findings with a child with Gerd

A

Heartburn
Abdominal pain
Difficulty swallowing
Chronic cough
Chest pain

93
Q

Diagnostic procedure for Gerd

A

Upper G.I. endoscopy

94
Q

Nursing care for Gerd

A

Small, frequent meals
Thicken infant formula,
Avoid foods that cause reflux
Position the child with head elevated after meals
Place child supine to sleep rather than prone
Administer protein pump, inhibitor, or H2 receptor 

95
Q

What is a Nissan fundoplication

A

Laparoscopic surgical procedure, that reps the fundus of the stomach around the distal, esophagus to decrease reflux

96
Q

What is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

Thickening of the pyloric sphincter, which creates an obstruction
Usually occurs in the first few weeks of life

97
Q

Expected, finding in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Vomiting that occurs following a feeding, but can occur after several hours after feeding
Projectile vomiting as obstruction worsens
Constant hunger
Olive shaped mass in right upper quadrant
Failure to gain weight

98
Q

A patient with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis requires what to get rid of it

A

Surgery

99
Q

What is a pyloromyotomy

A

Laparoscopic surgery for hyper trophic pyloric stenosis

100
Q

Preoperative nursing actions for hypertropic pyloric stenosis

A

NG tube for decompression
NPO
Daily weight

101
Q

Postoperative nursing actions for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Start clear liquids 4 to 6 hours after surgery advanced breastmilk or formula is tolerate a 24 hours after surgery

102
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Congenital a ganglionic megacolon

Structural anomaly of the G.I. tract caused by lack of ganglionic cells in segments of the colon resulting in decrease motility in mechanical obstruction

103
Q

Expected findings in a newborn with Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Failure to pass meconium with 24 to 48 hours after birth
Vomiting bile
Refusal to eat
Abdominal distention

104
Q

Expected findings in an infant with Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Failure to thrive
Constipation
Vomiting
Episodes of diarrhea

105
Q

Expected findings in a child with Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Under nourished anemic appearance
Abdominal distention
Visible peristalsis
Palpable fecal mass
Foul smelling ribbon like stool

106
Q

Diagnostic procedure Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Recto biopsy to confirm the absence of ganglion cells

107
Q

What would the nurse do caring for a patient who has Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Prepare Family 🏠 for surgery

High protein, high, calorie, low fiber, diet

108
Q

What happens in surgery of? Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Removal of the aganglionic section of the bowel
Temporary colostomy can be required

109
Q

Preoperative nursing actions for Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Administer electrolyte in fluid replacement
Monitor for enterocolitis
Bowel prep with saline enema

110
Q

Postoperative, nursing action Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Provide Foley catheter care
Assess bowel sounds
Provide ostomy care
Observer manifestation of dehydration

111
Q

What is entrocolitis

A

Inflammation of the bowel

112
Q

What do you do if your patient has entercolitis

A

Excessive abdominal girth
Prevent bowel perforation
Resolve inflammation

113
Q

What is intussusception?

A

Proximal segment of the Paul telescopes into a more distal segment, resulting in lymphatic and Venus obstruction, causing edema in the area
With progression is, she gave me up and increase mucus into intestine will occur

114
Q

What would you find with a patient who has intussusception

A

Sudden episodic, abdominal pain
Screaming, with drawing needs to chest
Abdominal mass sausage shaped
Stools mixed with blood and mucus that resemble the consistency of red currant jelly

115
Q

What do you do for a patient who has intussusception?

A

NG tube for decompression
Air enema
Surgery is required for reoccurring cases

116
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

Inflammation of the appendix

Caused from an obstruction of the lumen

117
Q

What do you find in a patient who has appendicitis?

A

Pain in the right lower quadrant
Richard abdomen
Decreased or absent bowel sounds
Shallow breathing
Possible, vomiting

118
Q

What will the nurse do for a patient who has purse appendicitis

A

Prepare for surgery
Avoid applying heat to abdomen
Avoid enemas or laxatives

119
Q

What kind of surgery do you receive for a non-ruptured appendix

A

Laparoscopic surgery

120
Q

What kind of surgery do you receive for a ruptured appendix?

A

Open surgery

121
Q

What does it mean if you have a sudden relief from pain after perforation followed by a diffuse increase in pain

A

you have peritonitis your appendix burst

122
Q

What is peritonitis?

A

Inflammation in the peritoneal cavity

123
Q

What is postoperative nursing actions after appendicitis?

A

Maintain NPO assessed for peritonitis early ambulation

124
Q

What is meckels diverticulum

A

Complication resulting from failure of the omphalomesentric duct to fuse during the embryonic development

125
Q

What is expected finding in Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Rectal bleeding, usually painless
Abdominal pain
Bloody mucus tools

126
Q

What is a therapeutic procedure, for Meckels diverticulum

A

Surgical removal of the diverticulum

127
Q

What should you watch closely for in Meckel’s diverticulum after surgery

A

Blood loss and stools

G.I. hemorrhage in bowel obstructions can occur

128
Q

A nurse is assessing an infant who has hyper trophic pyloric stenosis, which of the following manifestations with the nurse expect (select)

Projectile vomiting
Dry, mucous membranes
Currant, jelly stools
Sausage shaped abdominal mass
Constant hunger

A

Projectile vomiting
Dry, mucous membranes
Constant hunger

129
Q

A nurse is caring for a child who has Hirschsprung’s disease which of the following action should the nurse take?
Encourage high-fiber, low protein, low calorie diet
Prepare the family for surgery
Place an NG tube for decompression
Initiate bedrest

A

Prepare the family for surgery

130
Q

A nurse is caring for an infant who has just returned from the PACU filing a cleft lip and palate repair which of the following action should the nurse take
Remove the packing in the mouth
Place the infant in an upright position
Offer a pacifier with sucrose
Assess the mouth with the tongue blade

A

Place the infant in an upright position

131
Q

A nurse is caring for a child who has Meckel’s diverticulum which of the following manifestations should the expect (select)
Abdominal pain
Fever
Mucus and blood in stools
Vomiting
Rapid shallow, breathing

A

Abdominal pain
Mucus and blood in stools

132
Q

A nurse is teaching a parent of an infant about gastrointestinal reflux disease, which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching Offer frequent feedings
Thicken formula with rice cereal
Use a bottle with one-way valve
Position baby upright after feedings
Use a wide base nipple for feedings

A

Offer frequent feedings
Thicken formula with rice cereal
Position baby upright after feedings

Pediatrics/ Maternity (15 decks)

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