Peadiatrics - Neurology & Tumours Flashcards
What are some red flags of headaches in children?
Pappiloedema, visual loss Any neurological symptoms Recurrent, worse in mornings vomiting growth problems < 3 years old diabetes insipidus symptoms
What are some symptoms of brain tumours in children?
headache and vomiting
papilloedema, squint, nystagmus
ataxia
personality/behaviour change
What are Wilm’s tumours and symptoms of it?
the most common renal tumours in childhood
Abdominal mass, haematuria
Abdo pain, anaemia, anorexia
What is a neuroblastoma and some common symptoms?
Tumour in neural crest tissue of adrenal medulla or sympathetic nervous system
pallor, weight loss, abdo mass, hepatomegaly, bone pain, limp
When would an enlarged lymph node in a child require biopsy?
No apparent cause persistent unusual spot e.g. supraclavicular fever, weight loss organomegaly CXR - abnormal
What is leukemia?
What symptoms would children show?
When bone marrow produces increased number of abnormal or immature WBC
Children present with signs of bone marrow infiltration = fever, fatigue, frequent infections, organomegaly, anaemia, bruising
How common are febrile convulsions?
Initial and relapses
3% in 6 months - 6 years
10% risk if 1st degree relatives
30-40% have further esp. if child is younger, the convulsion occurs earlier in illness or at lower temperature, family history
What are complex febrile convulsions?
focal
prolonged > 5 minutes
multiple in 1 illness
increased risk of epilepsy to 4-12%
Name 3 features of a non-epileptic attack
resist eyes being opened, shoulder shrugging, emotional, pelvic thrusting, partially responsive, purposeful moving esp. toe tapping
What is a febrile convulsion?
epileptic seizure (usually short, generalised tonic-clonic) with fever without intracranial infection
How would you treat epilepsy?
drugs e.g. Keppra
vagal nerve stimulation
surgery
What is epilepsy? Name 3 types
excessive and hypersynchronous electrical activity and typically in cerebral cortex
gelastic, atonic, tonic, frontal lobe, focal, myoclonic, absence
What are some causes of cerebral palsy?
infection, hypoxic, haemmorhages
prenatal congenital
postnatal trauma
Name the 4 types of cerebral palsy
spastic
dyskinetic/dystonia
ataxia
mixed
How would you diagnose and treat absence seizures?
hypoventilation & EEG (3hz spike wave)
Ethosuzimide
