PE Year 10 Flashcards
Name the individual differences
Age, disability, gender, physic, culture, environment, risk&challenge, activity levels, training
Name the three somatotypes
Endomorph
Mesomorph
Ectomorph
Describe the characteristics of an Ectomorph
Give examples
-lean
-delicate
-small framed
(long distance runners, gymnasts)
Describe the characteristics of an Endomorph
Give examples
-slightly rounded
-shorter limbs
(sumowrestler, shotputter)
Describe the characteristics of an Mesomorph
Give examples
-high proportion of muscle
sprinter, games player
What is fatigue?
a feeling of EXTREME physical/mental tiredness after working for a long period of time due to a build up of lactic acid
What is stress?
the body’s reaction to a change that requires a mental, physical or emotional adjustment
What feelings can lead to injury?
tension and anxiety
boredom and tedium
motivation
feedback or criticism
What are the two types of sporting personalities?
Extrovert
introvert
What is respiration?
the process where the body converts fuel (glucose) into energy and releasing it into the body either aerobically or anaerobically
What are the functions of the blood?
- Transports oxygen to the muscles and gets rid of waste products
- controls body temperature
- to fight infection
What is the definition of leisure?
Freetime from the demands of work when one can rest and enjoy hobbies or sport
What is the tidal volume?
the amount breathed in and breathed out
What is the VO2 max?
the maximum amount of oxygen used in a minute per kilogram of body weight
what is the vital capacity?
the largest amount of air that can be expired after the deepest intake of breath
What is residual volume?
amount of air that remains in the lunges after maximum expiration
What is the definition of health?
a state of complete mental,physical and social wellbeing and a freedom of illness or injury
What is fitness?
the ability to meet the demands of the environment
What is agility?
is the ability to change direction quickly and still keep control of the whole body
what is balance?
the ability to keep the whole body stable whether still moving or in a different shape by keeping the centre of gravity over the base
what is co-ordination?
is the ability to use two or more body parts at the same time
what is reaction time?
the time it takes to respond to a stimulus
what is timing?
the ability to judge the time and place of an objects arrival and then execute appropriate movements
What is muscular strength?
the ability of the muscles to apply force and overcome resistance
what is dynamic strength?
using prolonged moving muscular contractions
what is explosive strength?
when a maximum burst of effort is used
What is static strength?
when muscle length stays the same
what is speed?
the fastest rate at which you can complete a task or cover a distance
What is power?
the ability to apply a combination of strength and speed
What are immovable joints?
are fixed so that there is no movement at this joint
What are slightly movable joints?
have gaps between the bones which allow a small amount of movement. These gaps are usually filled withe cartilage
what are synovial joints?
the most movable joints in the body
What is synovial fluid?
acts as a packing preventing friction between the moving parts and lubricating joint
Describe a bicep curl
- bones involved are the radius and ulna and humerus
- muscles used are triceps and biceps
- uses the bicep to flex and extend
- tendon at origin of bicep attaches to the ball and socket joint at the shoulder
- tendon at intersection attaches to hinge joint at the elbow
- flexing the bicep, ulna and radius pulled towards humerus bone
- flexing the triceps, ulna and radius move away from humerus bone
- these muscles work in antagonistic muscle pairs
- when the bicep is flexed it is the agonist and the tricep is the antagonist
What is antagonistic muscle action?
when muscles work in pairs. Working muscle, agonist (also called prime mover) contracts. The relaxing muscle (antagonist) becomes long and thin
Tendons…
attach muscle to bone
Ligaments…
attach bone to bone and stabalises joint
origin is the…
fixed point of muscle
the insertion is…
the movable part of the muscle
What are the functions of the skeleton?
~blood cell production ~protection ~movement ~support ~shape
What is the principal of progression?
involves gradually increasing the stresses put on the body
What is overload?
When the body works at a greater rate than usual #FIT PRINCIPALS
What is reversibility?
is the body returning to its original state prior to an exercise training programme
Greater intensity = _______
greater need of oxygen
What is the antagonistic muscle action?
When muscles work in pairs. The working muscle; the agonist (can be called the prime mover). The relaxing muscle; antagonist (becomes long and thin)
What are the types of fats?
saturated (bad, clog up arteries)
polyunsaturated (good)
monounsaturated
what are proteins used for?
growth and repair
what are keytones?
indicators proteins are being used
What does fibre do?
helps reduce cholesterol (soluble) prevents constipation (insoluble)
what proportion of the body is made from water?
2/3
what are the functions of water?
helps digest food
in blood helping transport nutrients and oxygen
in body fluids helping lubricate joints and cushions organs and tissues
carries waste products out of the body
removes body heat generated during exercise through sweat
How does interval training help build up an oxygen debt tolerance?
new capillaries are formed, heart muscles are strengthened, delivery of oxygen improved
Long term benefits of exercise
reduced risk of heart disease can recover quicker increases size of heart lower resting heart rate increased vo2 max can cope with stress more effectively deliever oxygen to muscles quicker
what are the immediate effects of exercise?
face reddens
stroke volume and cardiac output increases
body sweats ridding itself of waste products
digestive system bypassed - blood shunted to working muscles
blood pressure increases
o2 and haemoglobin combine to make oxyhaemoglobin and are transported to working muscles
what is stroke volume?
amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
what is cardiac output?
amount of blood pumped out the heart per minute
