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year 10 and 11 > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis

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2
Q

Definition of mitochondria

A

Convert glucose and oxygen into energy in a process called respiration

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3
Q

Definition of nucleus

A

Controls the activities of the cell. Contains chromosomes (which have genes in them)

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4
Q

Definition of vacuole

A

Filled with water and dissolved chemicals (cell sap). Stores minerals

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5
Q

Definition of cytoplasm

A

Part of the cell where all the chemical reactions take place

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6
Q

Definition of cell wall

A

Strengthens the cell and maintains the shape of the plant. Made of cellulose

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7
Q

Definition of cell membrane

A

The skin surrounding the cell. Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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8
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

Spreading of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration. Passive(no additional energy needed)

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9
Q

Factors affecting diffusion

A
  • concentration gradient-higher=faster diffusion
  • surface area-larger SA: volume ratio=faster diffusion
  • diffusion pathway-smaller diffusion pathway=faster diffusion
  • temperature -higher=more kinetic energy=faster diffusion
  • size of particle-smaller=faster diffusion
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10
Q

Definition of a cell

A

The smallest structured and functional unit of an organism

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11
Q

Definition of a tissue

A

A group of a specialised cells al carrying out the same function

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12
Q

Definition of organ

A

A group of different tissues working together to carry out a specific function

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13
Q

What does the palisade layer contain

A

Contains the most chloroplasts as it receives the most light

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14
Q

What does the lower epidermis do and contain

A

Has holes called stomata (controlled by guard cells). These allow has exchange

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15
Q

Veins…

A

Carry water and nutrients from roots to the leaf cells and carry glucose away

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16
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

6CO2+6H2O—> C6H12O6+6O2

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17
Q

Limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity

Carbon dioxide concentration

Temperature

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18
Q

Aerobic Respiration reaction

A

Needs CO2 to happen in the cells mitochondria when glucose reacts with O2 and provides energy

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19
Q

Aerobic Respiration reaction equation

A

Glucose +oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + (energy)

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20
Q

Anaerobic Respiration reaction

A

Glucose—> lactic acid + (energy)

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21
Q

Why do living organisms require energy?

A

Building large molecules from smaller ones

Muscle contractions

Controlling body temperature

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22
Q

Definition of ribosomes

A

Synthesise proteins from amino acids

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23
Q

What is oxygen debt

A

If you use anaerobic respiration to provide energy then the muscles cells break down glucose to lactic acid.

Lowers pH of muscle tissue

Breathing needs to increase so you can use some of the extra oxygen to oxidise the lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water. This is repaying oxygen debt

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24
Q

What is muscle fatigue

A

If muscles are subjected to long periods of vigorous activity they become fatigued

Muscle fatigue happens if insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles they use anaerobic respiration to obtain energy

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25
Q

Definition of biodiversity

A

Number of living different organisms in an area

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26
Q

Definition of niche

A

The part of a habitat that an animal is adapted to

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27
Q

Definition of sampling

A

Taking measurements at several points to allow us to make assumptions of the area as a whole

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28
Q

Definition of distribution

A

Where an organism can be found

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29
Q

Random sampling is…

A

Used to eliminate bias in collecting data

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30
Q

Systematic sampling…

A

Is when samples are taken at regular intervals within a set sampling area

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31
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of reaction.

Is a protein

Each enzyme is specific to a substrate

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32
Q

Optimum temperatures

A

Different enzymes have various optimum temperatures

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33
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

In the same way that a key fits into a lock, so a substrate is thought to fit into an enzymes active site. The enzyme is the lock and the reactant is the key.

Enzyme + reactant enzyme reactant complex enzyme + products

34
Q

What is denaturing

A

When the active site irreversibly changes shape

35
Q

What does the mouth do in the digestive system?

A

Mechanical

Uses amylase (to begin chemical digestion) to lubricate food to make it easy to swallow

36
Q

What does the oesophagus do in the digestive system?

A

Tube takes food to the stomach. Muscles push the food along the gut in a wave called PERISTALSIS

37
Q

What does the stomach do in the digestive system?

A

Secretes gastric juice:
Contains hydrochloride acid which -kills germs
-makes the right pH for enzymes to work

Pepsin starts protein digestion and sphincters shut off stomach whilst being churned

38
Q

What does the small intestine do in the digestive system?

A

Receives bile from liver - mechanical (fat digestion)
Lipase, fats into glycerol (lipids)
Amylase, starch (+carbohydrase) info glucose
Propase, proteins (+protease) into amino acids

39
Q

What does the large intestine do in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs 90%of the water

Faeces made up of mainly cellulose

40
Q

Amylase

A

Breaks down starch into sugar molecules

Does this is in the mouth and small intestine

Made in salivary glands and pan crease and small intestine

41
Q

Protease

A

Breaks down protein into amino acids

Does this in the stomach and small intestine

Made in the stomach pancreas and small intestine

42
Q

Lipase

A

Breaks down lipids (fat molecules) into fatty acid glycerol

Does this in the small intestine

Made in pancreas and small intestine

43
Q

What are enzymes made from?

A

Proteins

44
Q

What do enzymes do

A

Speed up rate of reaction

45
Q

How do they work

A

Lock and key mechanism

46
Q

What are three industrial uses of enzymes

A

Biological detergent

Baby food

Fruit juice

47
Q

What is bile, what does it do and how does it do it ?

A

Emulsifies fats so that it has a large surface area

Liquid substance made in liver stored in gall bladder released into small intestine

Neutralises stomach acid

48
Q

Immobilising enzymes

A

Enzymes are expensive so to save money they can be mobilised

This means they can be filtered from the product and used again

49
Q

Why are enzymes needed to produce slimming products

A

Changing glucose into fructose (which is sweeter) means that less is needed to be used

50
Q

Where are proteins made?

A

Ribosomes in all body cells

51
Q

What reaction does amylase catalyse?

Where does the reaction happen?

A

Starch ~~> glucose

Salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

52
Q

What two main factors can affect the rate at which an enzyme works

A

Temperature

pH levels

53
Q

What reaction does protease catalyse?

And where does the reaction take place?

A

Proteins~~> amino acids

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

54
Q

Why doesn’t a biological detergent work well at 60 degrees ?

A

Passed the optimum and enzymes begin to denature

55
Q

What is energy?

A

The ability to do work

Each form of energy can be transferred to another

56
Q

Why do living organisms require energy?

A

Building large molecules from smaller ones

Muscle contraction

Controlling body temperature

Growth

57
Q

DNA

A

Molecules are large and complex. They carry the genetic code that determines the characteristics of a living thing

58
Q

Genes

A

Section of dna which codes for a specific protein by specifying the order in which amino acids must be joined together

59
Q

Chromosomes

A

The cells nucleus contains chromosomes made from large dna molecules

60
Q

Describe mitosis

A

100%- chromosomes in nucleus are copied. They line up ready for division

200%- cell division starts and chromosomes begin to separate

2x(100%)-two identical diploid daughter cells produced

61
Q

Describe miosis

A

100% 46 chromosomes PARENT CELL chromosomes make identical copies of themselves
200% 46 chromosomes, similar chromosomes pair up
100% 23 chromosomes each, sections of DNA get swapped, pairs of chromosomes divide
50% 23 chromosomes each

62
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

In all cells of the body

63
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Ovaries or testies

64
Q

What are the number of the divisions in mitosis?

A

1

65
Q

What are the number of the divisions in meiosis?

A

2

66
Q

How many cells are created in mitosis?

What are the number of chromosomes at the end?

A

2 cells

46 (23 pairs)

67
Q

How many cells are created in meiosis?

And what are the number of chromosomes at the end?

A

4 cells

23

68
Q

Mitosis produces…

A

Identical daughter cells

69
Q

Meiosis produces…

A

Gametes

70
Q

What is the function of mitosis?

A

Repair and growth

71
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

Production of egg and sperm cells

72
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Disorder of the cell membranes

Sufferers produce too much mucus which clogs the lungs and digestive system

Caused but a recessive allele

Heathy NN
Carrier Nn
Sufferer nn

73
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Means having more digits

Caused by a genetic disease with a dominant allele

Sufferer PP, Pp
Heathy pp

No carriers

74
Q

What’s the method of embryo screening

A

Dna is isolated from embryo
A gene probe that will bind onto the gene for a specific disorder is produced
The probe has a fluorescent chemical attached to it
The probe is added to the mixture containing the dna sample from the embryo
Uv light is used to detect the probe attached to the gene for the disorder

75
Q

What is embryo screening uses

A

Ivf allows to check for genetic disorder

76
Q

What’s the method for stem cells

A

Take a bone marrow sample or stem cell embryo and then use for research

77
Q

What is the method for Dna fingerprinting

A

Collect a sample of Dna
Use an enzyme to cut dna into sections
Separate sample by gel electrolysis
Compare bands of Dna against Unknown/known samples

78
Q

What is speciation

A

Is the separate evolution of two populations of the same species to form two separate species

79
Q

Describe speciation

A 
Species 
||
Population split 
||
Isolation
||
Different environmental conditions 
|| 
Independent evolution
|| 
If they were to meet again they'd no longer be able to reproduce
80
Q

What is an allele

A

Different form of the same gene

Dominant
Recessive

year 10 and 11 (13 decks)

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