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year 10 and 11 > History: British Society > Flashcards

History: British Society Flashcards

1
Q

How traditional was education and employment in the 1950s?

A 
Poor efficiency
Boys learnt wood and metal work
Girls learnt mothercraft
Few women went to uni
15% of doctors and 5% lawyers were women
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2
Q

How traditional were social attitudes in the 1950s?

A

Women could do limited range of jobs and expected to leave work when they got married
Nearly 1/3 of all women were teenagers when married

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3
Q

What were the signs of change of home life and leisure in the 1950s?

A

Sports such as football were highly popular
Very few suffered absolute poverty
New welfare state and post economic boom
Heating and indoor toilets

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4
Q

How traditional was home life in the 1950s?

A

Men were the bread winners
50s were dedicated to re-establishing pre war traditions
Divorce was difficult to obtain

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5
Q

What were the signs of change in technology in the 1950s?

A

First washing machine
Tv’s in council houses
1 in 5 cars bought with hire purchase

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6
Q

What were the signs of change of education and employment in the 1950s?

A 
High wages =can buy luxuries 
Hire purchase 
15-20s in high demand
More women's workers 
Full employment
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7
Q

What were the signs of change of social attitudes in the 1950s?

A

People wanted the war behind them
Able to enjoy consumer goods
Teenagers began to make their own lifestyles
Working class women returned to work when their children were old enough

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8
Q

When was the winter of discontent?

A

1978-9

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9
Q

What was the tripartite system?

A

Primary school=for ages 5-11, classes divided by ability

Secondary technical schools= specialised in mechanical and technical education, very few developed due to high cost

Secondary modern schools= all round education, 70%of pupils went here in the 1950s, 15%left with a certificate of education

Grammar schools= highly academic education, 20%of pupils went here in 1950s, most stayed to take O-levels until 16, many stayed to do A-levels and then uni. 11+ exam at primary school to get in

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of the tripartite system?

A 
Not everyone could go to the best school, had to be the smartest 
Not same opportunities at secondary schools, class difference
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11
Q

What are the advantages of the tripartite system?

A

Taught with similar ability pupils
Most left with a qualification
Education provided by state

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12
Q

Did grammar schools help working class children get a good education?

A

In 1951 working class children were taking 52% of grammar school places but the working class made up 70% of the population

Only 26% of those going to uni were from working class backgrounds

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13
Q

Did gender make a difference to education and opportunity?

A

Both studied core lessons eg literacy and numeracy. Boys did wood work and girls did needlework, home economics and mother care. Suggested that girls and boys had different paths for after school.

1951, 80% of young people aged 15-19 were in full time employment and showed that there was pressure on all to leave school and get a job

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14
Q

What opportunities were there when you left school in 1950?

A

10 vacancies for every 1 looking for a job

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15
Q

How many women worked In 1961 compared to the 12% in 1951

A

In 1961 there was 26% but we’re doing a limited range of jobs
They were paid poorly

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16
Q

Why were comprehensive schools introduced after 1964?

A

1964-only 10% went to comprehensive schools
1966- labour govt. said it would only give funding for new schools to LEA’s to create comprehensive schools
1970- 33% Of students attended comprehensive schools
1974- 62% of students attended comprehensive schools
1979- the education act was repealed by the conservative government but then there were only 150 grammar schools left. 90% of students were attending comprehensive

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17
Q

What evidence is there to show that education was improving in the 1960s and 1970s?

A

Many schools began progressive reforms prioritising a child centred approach
New exam= cse
Raised school leaving age from 15 to 16

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18
Q

What evidence is there to show that there were problems in education in the 1960s and 1970s?

A

Some schools took reforms to extreme (used teachers first names)
Only top 20%took o-levels
Cse was second class qualification

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19
Q

How did jobs in Britain change?

A

Increased number in service sector
More skilled jobs, better pay

Agriculture fell by over half, Imports

Manufacturing fell, imports(cheaper), mechanisation

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20
Q

What are blue collar jobs? And what was happening in the 1970s?

A

Industry and manufacturing

By the 1970: many workers redundant

Trade unions put pressure on employers to pay high wages

British governments tried to reserve jobs rather than encouraging industries to be more efficient by employing fewer workers

British industries not selling abroad, had to compete with other countries (who were making things more cheaply

British empire covered 1/4 of the globe but when independent they didn’t necessarily buy from Britain

Machinery was older than other countries

Had to pay high wages so goods were expensive and non competitive

Production inefficient, employed more workers than needed

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21
Q

What are white collar jobs and what was happening in the 1970s?

A

In the service sector= banking and insurance, heathcare, retail etc .

By the 1970s more workers were being recruited

Full employment and high wages meant that people had more disposable income

More jobs in public sector

Government increased spending on Health and education

Fewer machines used

Higher demand for goods and services

More difficult to use machinery in white collar jobs

More women employed and part time meant they could balance work and family

Women were regarded as particularly suitable as they were cheaper to employ, on average were paid 59% of the hourly pay of a man

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22
Q

Were opportunities for women improving in the 60s and 70s?

A

There were more jobs and employers liked them as they were cheaper

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23
Q

What and when was the equal pay act?

A

1970

“Equal pay for work”

Voluntary for businesses until 1975
Many employers claimed (80%of the time successfully) that the work men and women did was different so the law didn’t apply

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24
Q

What and when was the sex discrimination act?

A

Made it illegal for employers to treat workers of one gender less favourably than the other

It was difficult for women to bring their claims to court

1975

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25
What was the unemployment protection act and when was it?
1975 Made it illegal for women to be sacked because they were pregnant Gave women the right to maternity pay and to return to their jobs after having the baby
26
Were opportunities for women improving in the 60s and 70s?
There were more jobs and employers liked them as they were cheaper
27
What and when was the equal pay act?
1970 "Equal pay for work" Voluntary for businesses until 1975 Many employers claimed (80%of the time successfully) that the work men and women did was different so the law didn't apply
28
What and when was the sex discrimination act?
Made it illegal for employers to treat workers of one gender less favourably than the other It was difficult for women to bring their claims to court 1975
29
What was the unemployment protection act and when was it?
1975 Made it illegal for women to be sacked because they were pregnant Gave women the right to maternity pay and to return to their jobs after having the baby
30
What did the conservative government led by Edward Heath have the power to do? (1970-74)
Spend government money Cut spending Control wages (wage caps) or negotiating with trade unions Make laws regulating what unions can do
31
What did the conservative government led by Edward Heath have concerns about? (1970-74) And what do they want to achieve?
Inflation,strikes,debt,profit =reduce spending (decrease pay) =prevent inflation (decrease pay) =prevent strikes without having to increase wages
32
What did the workers and their trade unions have the power to do? (1970-74)
Organise strikes Organise protests such as refusing to do overtime Set up picket lines to stop other workers getting into the mines or factories Organise flying pickets to stop workers or supplies getting into factories Have a 'closed shop' where workers can only get a job in a workplace if they join the union
33
What did the workers and their trade unions have concerns about? And what did they want to achieve?
Job cuts,wage decreases,prices of goods low =better working conditions =more pay =less inflation =keep jobs
34
What happened in 1972 when "the lights went out"?
Coal miners in the national union of miners went on strike The government declared a three day week: due to shortages of electricity on 3 days in the week •production slowed and 800,000 workers were sent home •on 19th February the miners received a 27% pay rise and went back to work
35
What happened in 1973 when "the lights went out"?
Teachers, hospital staff, train drivers, ford car workers and hasten went on strike demanding higher wages Yom Kippur war, when Egypt and Syria attacked Israel caused oil prices to increase by 70% Unemployment increased after the government cut spending and increased interest rates The NUM introduced an overtime ban for miners Oil prices increase by 400% compared to September 1973; long queues at petrol stations
36
What happened in 1974 when "the lights went out"?
The government announced another 3-day week •loss of production caused 1.5 million people to be temporarily unemployed 81% of miners voted to go on strike demanding 35%increase in wages Prime minister Edward Heath called a general election and lost bringing in a labour government The miners were awarded a 32% wage increase and trade unions given a social contract: they would now regulate wages and decide how much they increase
37
What happened in 1975 when "the lights went out"?
Inflation reached 27% : something that cost £4 in January cost over £5 by December
38
What is a state of emergency
Declared by the government in times of extreme risk to public security
39
How many states of emergency were declared between 1970 and 1973?
5
40
What did the winter of discontent lead to?
1978-workers at ford factories went on strike and by November won a pay increase of 17% 1979- oil tanker and Lorry drivers went on strike; tankers won a pay rise but the Lorry drivers held out for 6 weeks (this prevented delivers to shops hospitals; people began to panic) 1979- 1.5 mill public sector workers went on strike Almost all schools shit Hospitals could only treat emergencies No rubbish collections Cemeteries closed, by the end of Jan (in Liverpool) 225 corpses were stored in a factory waiting for burial
41
What was tv like in 1955?
344,000 tv licences sold BBC was the only broadcaster Itv began to broadcast
42
What was tv like in 1964?
Tv act forced ITV to show more plays and current affairs BBC 2 launched 'Clean up tv petition'
43
When did broadcasting begin In colour?
In 1967
44
What was tv like in 1979?
18 million to licences sold | 70% of all TV sets in colour
45
How did tv change British culture in terms of leisure?
In the 1970s people on average watched 16 hours of tv a week in summer and 20 in winter People spent far more leisure time at home All classes watched the same shows
46
How did tv change British culture in terms of class?
Became less easy to tell someone's class
47
How did tv change British culture in terms of fashion?
Tv helped spread fashions more quickly
48
What was the Pilkington report? | And when was it?
Criticised adverts and game shows, crime dramas, and westerns for damaging moral standards in Britain 1962
49
What was the clean up TV campaign and NVLA?
Started a petition which got 500,000 signatures which was sent to the queen 1965- Mary pilkington helped launch the national viewers and listeners association which campaigned against corrupting tv
50
How does tv link to other changes in the media?
Tv became increasingly popular compared to other medias such as cinema or newspaper
51
How did sales in newspapers change
Fell from 17 million in 1951 to 14.6 million in 1970
52
What were the changes in the radio?
In the 1950s and 1960s the BBC was the only legal broadcaster. However young preferred to listen to 'pirate' radios. By 1967 pirate radio had 10-15 million viewers. BBC had to change so set up radio 1 dedicated to pop
53
What were the changes to the record and pop industry?
Technology allowed massive growth in record sales Transistor radios - small and portable Over 7000 juke boxes in Britain by 1960 Used for Marketing
54
What were the changes in population?
Post war baby boom meant that there were over 1 million more teenagers in 1965 than in 1951
55
What were the changes in education?
School leaving age changed. 22 more universities were built, more people moved away and had more freedom
56
What were the changes in the economy?
Nearly full employment in the 1960s | Unskilled teenagers could easily find work and Britain had £900million to spend
57
What were the changes in drugs, violence and crime?
Rise in youth crime - sharp rise in arrest me for marijuana possession. 11,000 in 1973 compared to 235 in 1960. Violent clashes between rival groups
58
When was the mods and rockers clash and where
1964 in Brighton
59
What was the average amount teenagers spent per week
For girls it was £3 and for boys it was £5
60
What are some examples of the Beatles success?
Awarded MBE as they sold so many records By 1965 they released 2 movies British Invasion of US pop charts Their merchandise sold more than £100 million in 1970 Almost 26million watched their concert on TV
61
How much did the amount of holiday time increase from 1960 to 1979?
2 weeks paid holiday to 4 weeks
62
How did holidays change?
More people could afford caravans. By 1979 almost 50% of people in Britain had been on a caravan holiday Traditional holiday camps began to suffer by the mid 1960s The owner of points in 1968 said they were 'dying on their feet' In 1961 only 1 in 12 holidays taken by Brits was abroad. In 1970 4 million abroad, 9 million in1973 and 13 million by 1981
63
How did food and drink change
British became more European and joined the EEC (eu) | Wine consumption doubled in the 60s and again in the 70s. From an average of 2.3 bottles per person per year to 12.6
64
How did sport change?
In the 1930 football replaced cricket as the national game 32 million watched the World Cup final on tv In the late 60s and 70s there was a great rise in football hooliganism More and more people also participated in sport. Leisure activities were built: by 1974 there were 167 and by 1979 over 500.
65
What were the Nottinghill race riots?( 1958)
1958 almost 1000 white and black youth fought against each other Went on for 2 weeks More than 100 were arrested as well as some black men who armed themselves in self defence
66
Why was there so much immigration?
Shortage of labour in Britain (London transport sent representatives to the Caribbean to search for staff. 140 men recruited in Caribbean alone) Unemployment/ lack of opportunity in commonwealth countries Legal right to settle in Britain (1948 British nationality act) Support from home govt. (interest free loan from government for travel costs) Britians reputation (the mother country)
67
How many people came to Britain on the ss windrush
500 Jamaicans - ex servicemen Welcomed by colonial office and help them find jobs Came to get jobs
68
What did Enoch Powell say in the rivers of blood speech? 1968
He warned of a violent future of Britain if the numbers of immigrants increased Said white people would become slaves He was sacked from shadow cabinets and never saw a senior position again 75% of people agreed with him
69
What was the common wealth immigrants act?
Immigrants from former British colonies had to have a prearranged job or particular skills needed in the economy in order to be allowed into Britain. This was controlled by issuing employment vouchers
70
Whenwas the common wealth immigrants act?
1962
71
What was the race relations act?
Banned incitement to racial hatred and racial discrimination in public places
72
When was the race relations act?
1965
73
Why was the race relations board set up and when?
1966 it was set up to deal with complaints about racial discrimination
74
What was the 1968 race relations act?
Extended the na on racial discrimination to housing and employment
75
What was the commonwealth immigrants act?
To enter the country immigrants now needed not just an employment voucher but also a parent or grandparent who had been born in Britain
76
When was the common wealth immigrants act?
1968
77
What was the immigration act?
Replaced unemployment vouchers with 12 month work permits so immigrants could only remain in Britain for a limited amount of time. (This meant that Britain had one of the toughest immigration laws in the world)
78
When was the immigration act?
1971
79
What was the race relations act?
Toughened the laws agains racial discrimination and victimisation. Set up the commission for racial equality to help fight injustice and create a fairer society
80
When was the race relations act?
1976
81
When was the homicide act?
1957
82
what was the homicide act?
limited the number of crimes carrying the death penalty to murder of a police or prison officer,murder by shooting or bombing, or murder while being arrested. it stopped 'joint culpability' and introduced 'diminished responsibility'
83
when did the contraceptive pill go on sale?
1961
84
when was the murder act?
1965
85
what was the murder act?
abolished death by hanging as the penalty for murder and replaced it with life imprisonment (trial period for 5 years)
86
what was the abortion act?
legalized abortion during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy
87
when was the abortion act?
1967
88
what was the sexual offences act?
decriminalized homosexuality (no longer for 21 year olds or above to participate in homosexual acts in private
89
when was the sexual offences act?
1967
90
when did the abolition of the death penalty become permenant
1969
91
what was the divorce reform act?
allows couples to end their marriage because of 'irreconcilable differences' after two years (five if only one partner wanted it)
92
when was the divorce reform act?
1969
93
what was the matrimonial proceedings and property act?
awarded women a greater share of couples wealth in divorce settlements and recognized that womes work in the home was of value as well as the mans income
94
when was the matrimonial proceedings and property act?
1970
95
when did the contraceptive pill become freely available on the nhs
1974
96
who was timothy evans?
in 1950, was convicted and hanged for murdering his wife and daughter. 3 years later his neighbour was found as being a serial killer who killed 6 people including timothys wife and daughter. Timothy had learning difficulties and blamed his neighbour but no one believed him because of his difficulties and because the neighbour was a former police chief constable. He was the first to receive a posthumous pardon in 1966
97
who was derek bentley?
he was 19 with learning difficulties (mental age of 11) he was in a robbery with a 16 year old he shouted 'let him have it' but because he in-sighted murder he was hung. The other one got off because he was 16. in 1998 he was given a government pardon
98
who was ruth ellis?
her husband beat her causing a miscarriage. 3 days later she went and shot her husband four times outside a pub. There was a petition of over 50,000 to overturn the sentence of the death penalty
99
why was the majority of the public for capital punishment?
moors murderes
100
what was the NCACP?
in the 1960's, harold wilson (liberal), jeremy thorpe (labour) and julian thorp (conservative) joined
101
in 1970 how many were against capital punishment?
70%
102
in 1965 how many were against capital punishment?
60%
103
what is the definition of modern?
a person/group who advocates or practices a departure from traditional styles or values
104
what is modernization?
to make modern, to become modern or to adapt to a modern stance
105
what is libertarian?
political belief that people should be free to decide how they live their own lives, especially social issues
106
what does permissive society mean?
allows freedom on issues such as sexual relations

year 10 and 11 (13 decks)

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