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Cardio > PCMI - Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds > Flashcards

PCMI - Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mnemonic for auscultation locations of the heart? What does it mean?

A

All Physicians Take Money.

Aortic, Pulmonic, Tricuspid, Mitral

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2
Q

Where can you hear the aortic valve?

A

2nd intercostal space, right sternal border

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3
Q

Where can you hear the pulmonic valve?

A

2nd intercostal space, left sternal border

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4
Q

Where can you hear the tricuspid valve?

A

4th intercostal space, left sternal border

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5
Q

Where can you hear the mitral valve?

A

5th intercostal space, left mid-clavicular line

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6
Q

What is a murmur?

A

Sound produced when the flow of blood through a valve is turbulent or disrupted

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7
Q

When does a murmur occur?

A

When a valve is non-compliant, incompetent, stiff, or damaged

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8
Q

Does a murmur mean there is an underlying pathology?

A

Not necessarily

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9
Q

When are murmurs concerning?

A

When they are associated with other symptoms

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10
Q

How should murmurs be evaluated?

A

With echocardiograms

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11
Q

Systole is aka what 2 things?

A
  1. ) contraction

2. ) depolarization

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12
Q

What is SBP?

A

Systolic blood pressure. The pressure exerted upon the artery during heart contraction

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13
Q

Diastole is aka what 2 things?

A
  1. ) Relaxation

2. ) Repolarization

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14
Q

What is DBP?

A

Diastolic blood pressure. The pressure exerted upon the artery during heart relaxation

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15
Q

What does S1 indicate?

A

Closure of the AV valves

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16
Q

What does S2 indicate?

A

Closure of the semilunar valves

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17
Q

What is S3?

A

A vibratory sound that occurs from blood filling the relaxed and empty ventricle

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18
Q

When is it normal to hear S3?

A

In children and athletes

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19
Q

What is S4?

A

Atrial filling from high pressure from SVC/IVC and pulmonary venous return.

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20
Q

When does S4 occur?

A

Before S1

21
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Turbulent flow sound when the blood is moving in an opposite direction

22
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Turbulent flow when blood is moving through a stiff, damaged valve

23
Q

When can you hear aortic and pulmonic stenosis?

A

During ventricular systole

24
Q

When can you hear tricuspid and mitral stenosis?

A

During atrial systole

25
Q

What is preload?

A

Volume of blood sent to the heart

26
Q

Does increasing preload make a murmur louder or softer?

A

Louder (in most cases)

27
Q

Does decreasing preload make a murmur louder or softer?

A

Softer (in most cases)

28
Q

What are the two exceptions to the rules of preload?

A
  1. ) HOCM (Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy)

2. ) Mitral Valve Prolapse

29
Q

In HOCM, does an increase in preload improve or worsen the aortic murmur?

A

Improves, which is opposite of most murmurs

30
Q

In HOCM, does a decreased in preload improve or worsen the aortic murmur?

A

Worsens, which is opposite of most murmurs

31
Q

In MVP, does an increase in preload improve or worsen the aortic murmur?

A

Improves.

32
Q

Does inspiration make right or left valve murmurs louder or softer?

A

Right. Louder. RINspiration

33
Q

Does expiration make right or left valve murmurs louder or softer?

A

Left. Louder. LEXpiration

34
Q

Does an increased after load make a murmur louder or softer?

A

Louder

35
Q

Does a decreased after load make a murmur louder or softer?

A

Softer

36
Q

What are the after load exceptions?

A

HOCM and MVP

37
Q

Aortic stenosis is characterized by what type of murmur?

A

Crescendo - Decrescendo

38
Q

Where is mitral regurgitation best heard?

A

At the apex of the heart

39
Q

What kind of murmur is mitral regurgitation?

A

Holosystolic

40
Q

What is a holosystolic murmur?

A

Continuing from S1 to S2

41
Q

What is the general cause for tricuspid regurgitation?

A

IVDA

“want to TRI some drugs?”

42
Q

What kind of murmur is tricuspid regurgitation?

A

Holosystolic

43
Q

What kind of murmur is aortic regurgitation?

A

Early blowing diastolic murmur.

“AR, thar she BLOWS!”

44
Q

What things does aortic regurgitation present with?

A
  • Marfans (connective tissue disorder)
  • Head bobbing
  • Water-hammer pulse
45
Q

What kind of murmur is mitral stenosis?

A

Opening “snap”

46
Q

What causes mitral valve stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever

“RheuMITRAL fever”

47
Q

Mitral stenosis mnemonic

A

The Operating System is MicroSoft

Opening Snap is Mitral Stenosis

48
Q

What kind of murmur is MVP?

A

Midsystolic click

“See the MVP to be the MVP and everything will CLICK”

Cardio (11 decks)

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