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Cardio > Annoying DSA > Flashcards

Annoying DSA Flashcards

1
Q

What do arteries contain?

A

Stressed volume of blood

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2
Q

What do venules and veins contain?

A

Unstressed volume of blood and largest amount of blood at any time.

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3
Q

What are veins innervated by?

A

a1 adrenergic receptors

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4
Q

When does turbulent flow occur?

A

When laminar flow is disrupted

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5
Q

When can bruits be heard?

A

When turbulent flow occurs in an artery or other vascular channel and may indicate stenosis

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6
Q

What is the site of highest resistance and largest drops in pressure?

A

Arterioles

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7
Q

Where is compliance greatest?

A

Veins

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8
Q

When does compliance drop?

A

In arteries and then arteries with aging

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9
Q

What decreases the compliance of veins? What happens as a result?

A

Venoconstriction. Blood moves from unstressed to stressed.

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10
Q

Where does the largest pressure drop occur in the vasculature?

A

Arterioles, due to the high resistance to flow

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11
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

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12
Q

2 formulas for MAP

A

= 2/3(DBP) + 1/3(SBP)

= DBP + 1/3 (pulse pressure)

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13
Q

What two pathological conditions with alter arterial pressure?

A
  1. ) arteriosclerosis

2. ) Aortic stenosis

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14
Q

How does arteriosclerosis alter arterial pressure?

A

plaque deposits decrease compliance and diameter of vessel walls. This will increase SBP, pulse pressure, and MAP, without changing DBP

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15
Q

How does aortic stenosis alter arterial pressure?

A

A narrowing of the aortic valve decreases SBP, pulse pressure, and MAP

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16
Q

What can cross the capillary wall by simple diffusion?

A

O2 and Co2

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17
Q

What do the pores in capillary allow through?

A

Water soluble substances (water, glucose, amino acids)

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18
Q

In the brain, are the capillaries tighter?

A

Yes, BBB

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19
Q

Where are continuous capillaries located?

A

Most places in the body.

ex. Muscle, brain, peripheral nerves, exocrine glands

20
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries located?

A

Endocrine glands, sites of absorption (gallbladder, kidney)

21
Q

Where are discontinuous/sinusoidal capillaries located?

A

bone marrow, liver, spleen, (intestines?)

22
Q

Where can proteins cross in capillaries?

A

In capillaries with fenestrations (kidneys and intestines)

23
Q

What special process allows proteins to move through capillaries

A

pinocytosis

24
Q

What is the starling equation?

A

Jv = Kf [(Pc-Pi)-(πc-πi)}

25
Q

When Jv is positive, what is the net movement of fluid?

A

Out of the capillary, filtration

26
Q

When Jv is negative, what is the net movement of fluid?

A

Into the capillary, absorption

27
Q

Where is Pc the greatest?

A

At the arterial end, it decreases towards the venous end

28
Q

What does Pc favor?

A

Filtration out of the capillary

29
Q

What does Pi do?

A

Opposes filtration out of the capillary. It is normally negligible

30
Q

What does πc do?

A

Opposes filtration.

31
Q

What is πc due to?

A

Protein concentration in the blood (especially albumin).

32
Q

What does πi do?

A

Favors filtration due to protein in interstitial fluid

33
Q

3 mechanisms of local (intrinsic) control of BP?

A
  1. ) Autoregulation
  2. ) Active hyperemia
  3. ) Reactive hyperemia
34
Q

What is auto regulation? Where does it occur?

A

maintenance of a constant blood flow in face of changing arterial pressure. Brain, heart, kidney

35
Q

What is active hyperemia?

A

Blood flow to an organ is proportional to its metabolic activity. Ex. Increased blood flow to exercising skeletal muscle

36
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A

Increase blood flow in reaction to a period of decreased blood flow. (ischemia - reperfusion)

37
Q

Myogenic hypothesis?

A

Vascular smooth muscle contracts when it is stretched

38
Q

Metabolic hypothesis?

A

Tissue supply for O2 is matched to the tissue demand for o2. If o2 consumption is increased, vasodilatory metabolites are released to dilate smooth muscle

39
Q

What does histamine cause?

A

arteriolar dilation and venous constriction. This leads to increase Pc and increased filtration out of the capillaries, resulting in local edema

40
Q

What does bradykinin cause?

A

Arteriolar dilation and venous constriction

41
Q

What does serotonin cause?

A

Arteriolar constriction, released in response to vascular damage

42
Q

What does prostacyclin cause?

A

Vasodilation

43
Q

What are E-series prostaglandins?

A

Vasodilators

44
Q

What are F-series prostaglandins?

A

Vasoconstrictors

45
Q

What is thromboxane A2?

A

Vasoconstrictor

Cardio (11 decks)

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