Patterns of migration: Gender Flashcards
Introdution to a typical question like this:
(3 points)
- Define what immigration is
- Mention the ways the question is addressed: scale, distance/borders, direction, causes, nature of decision
- Give some named examples of some of these
Scale: numbers of men and women migrating, relate these stats to the past, give examples of men and women
(4 points)
- In 2020, there were 271 million migrants - 130m female and 141m male, 52% are male and 48% are female
- Both have increased over time - 1960: there were 35m female and 40m male, 2000: 85m female and 90m male
- The average percentage of women migrating at 20-59 years old is below 50% of migrants (i.e. more men that women migrate at this age), however above this age the percentage of women migrants is higher
- Why? Well there is lower opportunity to migrate becuase of lack of resources (money, network, language)
Distance/borders: is the majority internal or international
- Women are more migratory over short distances, especailly for marriage and domestic services
- For example, in Pakistan, more women than men are migrating internally - many of these movements are marriage related
- In Bangladesh, there is considerable internal female migration, again more than 56% do so across rural areas for marriage reasons.
Causes: ESPE push and pull factors (10)
Economic:
* Primarily the jobs women migrate to do are domestic work, health, child and aged care
* In larger growing economies in Asia, Latin America and Africa, many females from depressed rural areas move to cities for these dometic caring jobs, but also working in textile and garment factories
Social
* Although decreasing in number, many women join their husbands’ household upon marriage
* Often referred as the ‘servants of globalisation’ because many go abroad to serve families of higher social status, and leave others to take care of their family
Chain or independant: migration flows linked to kinship, historical changes
