patterns in tubes and epithelia

Question 1

types of cells by layers

Answer 1

simple - single layer
stratified - multiple layers
psuedotratified - looks like multiple layers but is single

Question 2

types of cells by shape

Answer 2

squamous - flat
cuboidal - cube
columnar - rectangle

Question 3

location of the mucosa

Answer 3

• surrounding the lumen

Question 4

3 layers of the mucosa

Answer 4

• epithelium
• lamina propria (connective tissue supporting the epithelium)
• muscularis mucosa (not always)

Question 5

location of the submucosa

Answer 5

around the mucosa

Question 6

what is the submucosa

Answer 6

loose CT with nerves and blood vessels

Question 7

muscularis externa

Answer 7

Outer: longitudinal
Inner: circular (thickened into sphincters in places)

Question 8

outermost layer of endodermal tubes

Answer 8

adventitia - anchored in tissue

serosa - serous membrane with free space around it

Question 9

glands of endodermal tubes

Answer 9

• All endodermal tubes have glands
  ○ May be in mucosa, submucosa, external (pancreas)
  ○ The bigger they get, the further out they become

Question 10

gut tube is derived from

Answer 10

splanchnopleure

Question 11

oesophagus

Answer 11

non-keratinised stratified squamous

mucous glands in mucosa and submucosa

Question 12

plicae circulares

Answer 12

macro
mucosal and submucosal folds
small intestine

Question 13

villi

Answer 13

mucosal folds lined by epithelial cells

Question 14

microvilli

Answer 14

microfolds in cell membrane - appears as extra think cell membrane

Question 15

duodenum qualities

Answer 15

simple columnar and microvilli but few goblet cells

submucosal glands secrete alkaline substances via ducts to protect from bile and stomach acid

Question 16

trachea and bronchi derived from

Answer 16

splanchopluere

Question 17

differences between trachea/bronchi and branchioles/alvioli

Answer 17

bronchioles/alvioli don’t have glands and cuboidal/simple squamous, and no cartilage, thicker smooth muscle

Question 18

trachea and bronchi are the

Answer 18

conductive tubes

Question 19

bronchioles and alveoli are the

Answer 19

respiratory tubes

Question 20

conductive tubes qualities

Answer 20

psuedostratified columnar with goblet cells and cilia
serous glands in mucosa and submucosa
cartilage in muscularis externa

Question 21

respiratory tubes qualities

Answer 21

cuboidal -> simple squamous
no glands
no cartilage - thicker smooth muscle can adjust lumen size and be elastic

Question 22

epithelium is distal urethra

Answer 22

stratified squamous

Question 23

what does the ureter do

Answer 23

goes from kidney to bladder

bladder input pipe

Question 24

how does ureter move liquid

Answer 24

peristalsis - muscle

Question 25

what does urethra do

Answer 25

bladder output pipe

Question 26

how does urethra move liquid

Answer 26

pressure from the bladder and abdominal muscles

Question 27

kidney derived from

Answer 27

intermediate mesoderm

Question 28

2 sections of the kidney

Answer 28

cortex and medulla

Question 29

functional unit of the kidney

Answer 29

tube called nephron

Question 30

primary job of the kidney

Answer 30

balance the salt and water concentrations of blood plasma

Question 31

the cortex is

Answer 31

the outside regiomn

Question 32

the medulla is

Answer 32

the inside pyramids

Question 33

glomerulus

Answer 33

capsule with curled up blood vessel

Question 34

why is the blood vessel is the glomerulus curled up

Answer 34

to increase diffusion

Question 35

loop of henle

Answer 35

descending and ascending part of the nephron that dips into the medulla

Question 36

function of the collectiong duct

Answer 36

100 000s of nephrons will filter into this

Question 37

order of movement through nephron

Answer 37

glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, calyces

Question 38

3 tunics for arteries and veins

Answer 38

1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica adventitia

Question 39

tunica intima

Answer 39

simple squamous endothelium on the inside of the blood vessel contains variable amounts of elastin fibres

Question 40

tunica media

Answer 40

mostly circumferential smooth muscle

thicker in the arteries

Question 41

tunica adventitia

Answer 41

achoring sheath

Question 42

blood capillaries

Answer 42

have a tunica intima only

simple squamous layer allowing for efficient diffusion

Question 43

skin is derived from

Answer 43

somatopluere

Question 44

3 sections of the skin

Answer 44

1. epidermis
2. dermis
3. hypodermis

Question 45

epidermis

Answer 45

surface ectoderm
stratified epithelium with a basil laminar
has strata layers

Question 46

epidermal appendages

Answer 46

come from epidermis but are seen in dermis

• hair follicles
• nails
• sweat glands
• sebaceous glands
• arrestor pili muscles

Question 47

dermis derived from

Answer 47

LP-M

Question 48

2 layers of the dermis

Answer 48

papillary and reticular

Question 49

papillary dermis

Answer 49

has ‘nipples’

loose irregular CT

Question 50

reticular dermis

Answer 50

dense irregular CT

Question 51

hypodermis derived from

Answer 51

LP-M

Question 52

hypodermis

Answer 52

subcuteneous fatty CT

Question 53

3 mucosal/submucosal specialisations in the small intestine

Answer 53

place circulars, villi, microvilli