Pathos For Exam 2

Question 1

Vascular occlusion
· Affected area becomes pale and softens after 6-12hr
· 48-72 hr necrosis, swelling, mushy disintegration
· Macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue
· Glial scarring

Answer 1

Ischemic stroke

Question 2

A mass of blood in brain
· Presses on adjacent brain tissue
· Tissue becomes deformed and displaced
· Ischemia
· Disruption of plasma membrane
· Cellular edema
· Increased ICP
· Necrosis

Answer 2

Hemorrhagic stroke

Question 3

· Infection
· Evokes autoimmune response in peripheral nerves
· Macrophages attach to myelin
· Defects in conduction of electrical nerve impulse

Answer 3

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Question 4

autoantibodies adhere to Ach receptor sites
· blocks binding of acetylcholine
· this action destroys receptor sites
· increase loss of AchR sites
· Diminished transmission of nerve impulses across neuromuscular junction
· increased muscle weakness

Answer 4

Myasthenia gravis

Question 5

· Autoreactive B and T cells cross blood brain barrier
· Triggers inflammation and loss of oligodendrocytes (myelin producing cells)
· activation of brain macrophages
· more inflammation and injury
· plaque formation and axonal degeneration
· loss of myelin disrupts nerve conduction
· death of neurons and brain atrophy

Answer 5

Multiple sclerosis

Question 6

· (tau proteins in neurons detach
· neurofibrillary tangles inside cell forms) (amyloid beta proteins form; plaques outside cell forms) degeneration of neurons
· disruption of nerve transmissions and neural death; brain atrophy

Answer 6

Alzheimer’s

Question 7

Oxidative stress, Mitochondrial dysfunction, Loss of nerve growth factors, Or Lewy body formation
· Degeneration of basal ganglia which affects the substantia nigra
· Dopamine deficiency (inhibitory neurotransmitter)
· Excess of cholinergic activity (excitatory)
· produces the classic triad of CM

Answer 7

Parkinsons

Question 8

Abrupt imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory impulses
· Glutamate; NMDA works to fast; increased Ca++ into cell
· GABA; GABA receptors dysfunction; decreased Cl- comes into cell

Answer 8

Seizures

Question 9

· Stage 1: vasoconstriction of venous system
· Stage 2: compromise of neuronal O2 and systemic vasoconstriction
· Stage 3: brain tissue experiences hypoxia and hypercapnia
· Stage 4: brain herniation ischemia
· DEATH!!!

Answer 9

Increased Intracranial Pressure

Question 10

Depleting iron stones, body uses stored ferritin in bone marrow, liver and spleen

Answer 10

Iron deficiency

Question 11

· Decreased gastric HCI or intrinsic factor, malabsorption of B12, decreased DNA synthesis

Answer 11

pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency)

Question 12

O2 deprivation from coronary artery obstruction (angiotensin 2 released, catecholamine released) (loss of K, Ca, Mg=loss of contractility)

Answer 12

Myocardial Infarction

Question 13

Dysfunction of SNS, RAAS, or natriuretic hormones; vasoconstriction; renal Na+ and H2O retention; increased peripheral resistance; increased blood volume; sustained HTN; consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure

Answer 13

Hypertension

Question 14

Increased pulmonary vascular resistance; increased force of RV contraction; Increased RV O2 demand
· Decreased O2 supply; RV hypoxia; decreased force of RV contraction; increased RV & RA preload; edema

Answer 14

RHF

Question 15

Decreased contractility causes SV to fall and LVEDV increases Dilation
· Aortic pressure falls and systemic arterial pressure drops; baroreceptors sense a drop; activates SNS and ADH released; increase in preload and afterload
· Kidneys sense a drop in blood flow; activation of RAAS; increase PVR; increase in preload and afterload

Answer 15

LHF

Question 16

Myocardial O2 deficit from decreased blood supply; impaired pumping; glucose depravation=anaerobic takeover; decreased cardiac output; blood flow restored <20 minutes; contractility and aerobic metabolism return to normal

Answer 16

Myocardial Ischemia

Question 17

injury and inflammation of endothelium; cellular proliferation; macrophage migration; LDL oxidation; fatty streak; fibrous plaque; complicated plaque; a form of arteriosclerosis tends to develop in medium and large- size arteries

Answer 17

Atherosclerosis

Question 18

inhalation/aspiration of microorganism; adherence to alveolar macrophages; inflammatory responses; accumulation of fibrinous exudate, RBC’s, and bacteria; consolidation and leukocyte infiltration

Answer 18

Pneumonia

Question 19

Inflammation of airway epithelium or inherited alpha antitrypsin deficiency; bronchiole wall collapse; destruction of alveolar walls; loss of elastic recoil; air trapping; bullous bleb formation; decreased gas exchange

Answer 19

Emphysema

Question 20

Pulmonary artery vasoconstriction; increased pulmonary artery pressure; fibrosis and hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries; chronic pulmonary HTN, chronic hypoxemia; acidosis

Answer 20

Pulmonary Hypertension

Question 21

alveoli lack full inflation; build up of secretions; collapse of alveoli; reduced gas exchange

Answer 21

Atelectasis

Question 22

Food: Airway is obstructed; Bronchial inflammation; Collapse of airway
- Fluid: bronchial damage and loss of ciliary function; Destruction of alveolar membranes; Lungs become stiff leading to severe edema and collapse of airway

Answer 22

Aspiration

Question 23

Virchow triad; thrombus formation; embolus; occlusion; hypoxic vasoconstriction; pulmonary edema and atelectasis

Answer 23

Pulmonary Embolism

Question 24

Increased L atrial pressure; increased pulmonary capillary pressure; edema
o Injury to capillary endothelium; increased capillary permeability; edema
o Blockage of lymph vessels; inability to remove fluid from interstitial space; edema

Answer 24

Pulmonary Edema

Question 25

Chronic inflammation of airway; Increase mucus production from goblet cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy; Hypertrophy and narrowing of airways; Airway obstruction

Answer 25

Chronic Bronchitis

Question 26

Immune activation of IgE; mast cell degranulation; chemotactic mediatiors; leukotrienes and histamine; Inflammatory response; Vasodilation; Increased capillary permeability; bronchospasm, vascular congestion; bronchial hyperresponsiveness

Answer 26

Asthma