Pathos For Exam 2 Flashcards
Vascular occlusion
· Affected area becomes pale and softens after 6-12hr
· 48-72 hr necrosis, swelling, mushy disintegration
· Macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue
· Glial scarring
Ischemic stroke
A mass of blood in brain · Presses on adjacent brain tissue · Tissue becomes deformed and displaced · Ischemia · Disruption of plasma membrane · Cellular edema · Increased ICP · Necrosis
Hemorrhagic stroke
· Infection
· Evokes autoimmune response in peripheral nerves
· Macrophages attach to myelin
· Defects in conduction of electrical nerve impulse
Guillain-Barre syndrome
autoantibodies adhere to Ach receptor sites
· blocks binding of acetylcholine
· this action destroys receptor sites
· increase loss of AchR sites
· Diminished transmission of nerve impulses across neuromuscular junction
· increased muscle weakness
Myasthenia gravis
· Autoreactive B and T cells cross blood brain barrier
· Triggers inflammation and loss of oligodendrocytes (myelin producing cells)
· activation of brain macrophages
· more inflammation and injury
· plaque formation and axonal degeneration
· loss of myelin disrupts nerve conduction
· death of neurons and brain atrophy
Multiple sclerosis
· (tau proteins in neurons detach
· neurofibrillary tangles inside cell forms) (amyloid beta proteins form; plaques outside cell forms) degeneration of neurons
· disruption of nerve transmissions and neural death; brain atrophy
Alzheimer’s
Oxidative stress, Mitochondrial dysfunction, Loss of nerve growth factors, Or Lewy body formation
· Degeneration of basal ganglia which affects the substantia nigra
· Dopamine deficiency (inhibitory neurotransmitter)
· Excess of cholinergic activity (excitatory)
· produces the classic triad of CM
Parkinsons
Abrupt imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory impulses
· Glutamate; NMDA works to fast; increased Ca++ into cell
· GABA; GABA receptors dysfunction; decreased Cl- comes into cell
Seizures
· Stage 1: vasoconstriction of venous system
· Stage 2: compromise of neuronal O2 and systemic vasoconstriction
· Stage 3: brain tissue experiences hypoxia and hypercapnia
· Stage 4: brain herniation ischemia
· DEATH!!!
Increased Intracranial Pressure
Depleting iron stones, body uses stored ferritin in bone marrow, liver and spleen
Iron deficiency
· Decreased gastric HCI or intrinsic factor, malabsorption of B12, decreased DNA synthesis
pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency)
O2 deprivation from coronary artery obstruction (angiotensin 2 released, catecholamine released) (loss of K, Ca, Mg=loss of contractility)
Myocardial Infarction
Dysfunction of SNS, RAAS, or natriuretic hormones; vasoconstriction; renal Na+ and H2O retention; increased peripheral resistance; increased blood volume; sustained HTN; consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure
Hypertension
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance; increased force of RV contraction; Increased RV O2 demand
· Decreased O2 supply; RV hypoxia; decreased force of RV contraction; increased RV & RA preload; edema
RHF
Decreased contractility causes SV to fall and LVEDV increases Dilation
· Aortic pressure falls and systemic arterial pressure drops; baroreceptors sense a drop; activates SNS and ADH released; increase in preload and afterload
· Kidneys sense a drop in blood flow; activation of RAAS; increase PVR; increase in preload and afterload
LHF
Myocardial O2 deficit from decreased blood supply; impaired pumping; glucose depravation=anaerobic takeover; decreased cardiac output; blood flow restored <20 minutes; contractility and aerobic metabolism return to normal
Myocardial Ischemia
injury and inflammation of endothelium; cellular proliferation; macrophage migration; LDL oxidation; fatty streak; fibrous plaque; complicated plaque; a form of arteriosclerosis tends to develop in medium and large- size arteries
Atherosclerosis
inhalation/aspiration of microorganism; adherence to alveolar macrophages; inflammatory responses; accumulation of fibrinous exudate, RBC’s, and bacteria; consolidation and leukocyte infiltration
Pneumonia
Inflammation of airway epithelium or inherited alpha antitrypsin deficiency; bronchiole wall collapse; destruction of alveolar walls; loss of elastic recoil; air trapping; bullous bleb formation; decreased gas exchange
Emphysema
Pulmonary artery vasoconstriction; increased pulmonary artery pressure; fibrosis and hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries; chronic pulmonary HTN, chronic hypoxemia; acidosis
Pulmonary Hypertension
alveoli lack full inflation; build up of secretions; collapse of alveoli; reduced gas exchange
Atelectasis
Food: Airway is obstructed; Bronchial inflammation; Collapse of airway
- Fluid: bronchial damage and loss of ciliary function; Destruction of alveolar membranes; Lungs become stiff leading to severe edema and collapse of airway
Aspiration
Virchow triad; thrombus formation; embolus; occlusion; hypoxic vasoconstriction; pulmonary edema and atelectasis
Pulmonary Embolism
Increased L atrial pressure; increased pulmonary capillary pressure; edema
o Injury to capillary endothelium; increased capillary permeability; edema
o Blockage of lymph vessels; inability to remove fluid from interstitial space; edema
Pulmonary Edema
Chronic inflammation of airway; Increase mucus production from goblet cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy; Hypertrophy and narrowing of airways; Airway obstruction
Chronic Bronchitis
Immune activation of IgE; mast cell degranulation; chemotactic mediatiors; leukotrienes and histamine; Inflammatory response; Vasodilation; Increased capillary permeability; bronchospasm, vascular congestion; bronchial hyperresponsiveness
Asthma
