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Patho > Hematologic > Flashcards

Hematologic Flashcards

1
Q

Whole blood functions

A
  • delivery of substances needed for cellular metabolism
  • defense against microorganisms and injury
  • removal of wastes
  • maintenance of acid-base balance
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2
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC’s)

A
  • most abundant cell in body
  • responsible for tissue oxygenation.
  • normal value is 4.2-6.2 million
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3
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • oxygen-carrying protein of the erythrocyte (rbc)
  • a single erythrocyte contains as many as 300 hemoglobin molecules
  • 97% of oxygen in blood is combined with hemoglobin and carried on the RBCs
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4
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs)

A
  • defend the body against infection and remove debris (phagocytosis)
  • normal value is 4,500 to 10,000 mcL
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5
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets)

A
  • disk shaped cytoplasmic fragments
  • essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding
  • normal value is 150-400,000 mm
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6
Q

Hemostasis

A

means arrest of bleeding

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7
Q

Requirements of Hemostasis is ..

A

-platelets, clotting factors and vasculature

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8
Q

Lymphoid Organs - SPLEEN

A
  • largest lymphoid tissue
  • located in the abdominal LUQ
  • has sinuses filled with blood
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9
Q

What 2 tissue types does the Spleen have

A
  • White pulp (lymphocytes)

- Red pulp (rbcs, lymphocytes, macrophages)

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10
Q

Lymphoid organs - LYMPH NODES

A
  • small bean shaped lymph tissue
  • filters lymph fluid in the lymph vessels
  • clusters of lymph nodes throughout the body
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11
Q

Anemia

A

reduction in the total number of erythrocytes (RBCs) in the circulating blood or in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin

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12
Q

Etiology of Anemia

A
  • impaired erythrocyte production
  • acute of chronic blood loss
  • increased erythrocyte destruction
  • combination of the above
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13
Q

What do you need to look at on the CBC for anemia

A

rbc, Hgb, Hct, MCV, MCH

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14
Q

Anemia physiologic manifestation

A

reduced oxygen carrying capacity– hypoxemia

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15
Q

Classic Anemia symptoms

A
  • fatigue
  • weakness
  • dyspnea
  • pallor
  • palpitations
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16
Q

Macrocytic-Normochronic Anemias

A

Pemicious anemia AKA Vitamin B12 deficiency

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17
Q

Pemicious anemia

A

anemia caused by lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal cells

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18
Q

Etiology of Premicious anemia

A
  • severe gastric disease
  • genetic
  • autoimmune
  • chronic alcholism
  • dietary
  • PPI use
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19
Q

CM when hemoglobin at 7-8 gm/dl for Premicious anemia

A
  • fatigue
  • weakness
  • loss of appetite
  • weight loss
  • arthralgia
  • paresthesia
  • tachycardia
  • glossitis
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20
Q

Folate deficiency anemia

A

folate deficiency

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21
Q

Etiology of Folate deficiency anemia

A
  • dietary
  • alcohol abuse
  • pregnancy
  • celiac disease
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • crohns disease
  • medications
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22
Q

CM Folate deficiency anemia

A
  • stomatitis
  • SOB
  • dysphagia
  • flatulence
  • watery diarrhea
  • palpitations
  • weakness
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23
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

disorder or iron metabolism

24
Q

Etiology of Iron deficiency anemia

A
  • inadequate intake
  • excessive menses
  • GI loss
  • frequent use of antacids
25
Q

CM of iron deficiency anemia

A 
pale
weak, fatigue
new heart murmur
heart palpitations
dyspnea
pica (eat weird things)
cold intolerance
26
Q

Polycythemia

A

myeloproliferative RBC disorder

-overproduction of red blood cells

27
Q

Relative ploycthemia

A
  • results from dehydration

- fluid loss results in relative increases of red cell counts and Hgb and Hct values

28
Q

Absolute polycythemia - Primary absolute

A

polycythemia vera (pv)

29
Q

Absolute polycythemia - secondary absolute

A

Increase in erythropoietin as a normal response to chronic hypoxia or erythropoietin-secreting tumors

30
Q

CM of polycythemia

A 
Increased blood viscosity and hypercoagulopathy
Spleen enlargement
Heart murmurs
Thrombosis formation
Plethora
Headache
31
Q

Alterations of Leukocyte Function- Quantitative disorders:

A
  • Increases or decreases in cell numbers
  • Bone marrow disorders or premature destruction of cells
  • Response to infectious microorganism invasion
32
Q

Leukocytosis

A
  • Leukocytosis is a normal protective physiologic response to physiologic stressors, such as infectious microorganisms
  • A high white cell count
33
Q

Leukopenia

A
  • Leukopenia is not normal and not beneficial

- A low white cell count predisposes a patient to infections

34
Q

Leukemia

A
  • A malignant disorder in which the blood-forming organs lose control over cell division, causing an accumulation of dysfunctional blood cells.
  • Uncontrolled proliferation of non-functional leukocytes crowds out normal cells from the bone marrow and decreases production of normal cells.
35
Q

Leukemia Cause appears to be a genetic predisposition plus exposure to risk factors such as:

A
  • Some disorders of the bone marrow and other organs that can progress to acute leukemias
  • Some viruses
  • Ionizing radiation in large doses
  • Drugs
  • Down syndrome and other congenital disorders
36
Q

Classic leukemia symptoms:

A 
Fatigue/Weakness
Loss of appetite
Bleeding
Fever
SOB
Weight loss
37
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

A
  • Too many lymphoblasts
  • Mostly occurs in children

Abrupt onset/Rapid progression

38
Q

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

A
  • Too many myeloblasts
  • Most common adult leukemia

Abrupt onset/Rapid progression

39
Q

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

A

Too many blood cells made in bone marrow

Gradual onset/Slow progression

40
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

A
  • Too many immature lymphocytes
  • Most common adult leukemia in western world

Gradual onset/Slow progression

41
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender

42
Q

Local lymphadenopathy

A

Drainage of an inflammatory lesion located near the enlarged node

43
Q

General lymphadenopathy

A

Occurs in the presence of malignant or nonmalignant disease

44
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma


A

The presence of reed-sternberg cells in the lymph nodes

45
Q

Etiology of Hodgkin Lymphoma


A

unknown

EB virus

46
Q

CM of Hodgkin Lymphoma


A 
Painless lymphadenopathy
Mediastinal mass
Splenomegly
Abdominal mass
 Fever 
 Weight loss
Night sweats
Pruritus 
Anemia
47
Q

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma


A

Generic term for a diverse group of lymphomas

48
Q

Etiology of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma


A 
Genetic
 Viral infections 
Immunosuppresion
Radiation
H. Pylori
49
Q

CM of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma


A 
Localized/generalized painless lymphadenopathy
Splenomegaly
 Fever
 Weight loss
Night sweats
Fatigue
50
Q

Disorders of Platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia

51
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Platelet count <150,000/mm3

52
Q

Causes of Thrombocytopenia

A
  • Hypersplenism
  • Autoimmune disease Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
  • Viral or bacterial infections that cause Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
  • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
53
Q

CM of Thrombocytopenia

A 
Petechiae
Purpura
Mucosal bleeding
Gingival bleeding
Enlarged spleen or liver
Internal bleeding
Hemorrhage
54
Q

Essential (primary) thrombocythemia (thrombocytosis)

A

Thrombocythemia is characterized by platelet counts >400,000/mm3

55
Q

Causes of (primary) thrombocythemia (thrombocytosis)

A 
ESSENTIAL= Myeloproliferative disorder of platelet precursor cells
REACTIVE= Secondary reaction
56
Q

CM of (primary) thrombocythemia (thrombocytosis)

A

Thrombosis of arteries or veins
Hemorrhage
Neurological manifestations
H/A most common

57
Q

Alterations of Coagulation

A

-Vitamin K deficiency
Vitamin K is necessary for synthesis and regulation of prothrombin, the procoagulant factors (VII, XI, X), and proteins C and S (anticoagulants).

-Liver disease
    Liver disease causes a broad range of hemostasis disorders:
1. Defects in coagulation
2. Fibrinolysis
3. Platelet number and function
-Hemophilia A
-Von Willebrand Disease *MOST COMMON
-Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Patho (8 decks)

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