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Patho > Class 1 Intro to patho > Flashcards

Class 1 Intro to patho Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of a disease

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2
Q

Pathogensis

A

its how the disease develops

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3
Q

Clinical Manifestations

A

clinical effects or evidence of disease ; signs and symptoms.

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4
Q

Atrophy

A

-it is reversible
Decrease in cellular size because demand decreases.

Causes of Cell atrophy
-disuse
-ischemia
-endocrine dysfunction
-persistant cell injury
-aging
Ex.. when some takes their cast off and their arm looks smaller than the other.
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5
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cellular size because the demand increases.
Can be physiologic/normal/weightlifting
or Pathologic/abnormal/enlarged organs.

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6
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of cells
Can be physiologic/ normal/ breast enlargement bc of pregnancy
or pathologic/abnormal/ enlargement of prostate gland.

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7
Q

Metaplasia

A

Replacement of one cell type with another
ex.. one cell couldnt handle the enviroment so it changed to another cell.
Usually occurs in response to chronic irriration.
It is reversible but if it stays over a long period of time can possibly turn into cancer.

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8
Q

Dysplasia

A

Deranged cellular growth

  • cell mutates with abnormal variations in size, shape and arrangement.
    1. abnormal but is potentionally reversible
    2. strongly implicated as a precursor to cancer.
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9
Q

Most common cellular injury

Hypoxic Injury

A

-Hypoxia(decrease in oxygen) means less oxygen in tissues
-Hypoxemia less oxygen in blood.
Results from:
-reduced amount of oxygen in the air.
-Loss of hemoglobin or decreased efficacy of hemoglobin.
-decreased production of red blood cells.
-diseases of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
-poisoning of the oxidative enzymes within the cells

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10
Q

The most common cause of hypoxic injury

A

Ischemia (reduced blood flow)

can be progressive or acute

often caused by:

  • Arteriosclerosis (gradual narrowing of arteries)
  • Thrombosis (complete blockage by blood clots)
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11
Q

All cellular injury causes the cell to..

A

Swell

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12
Q

What is the best example of an adaptive coping response to stress?

A

Seeking social support

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13
Q

The stress-age syndrome directly results in depressed function of which system?

A

Immune

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14
Q

The medical examiner report states that the etiology of the disease is overexposure to radiation. How would the nurse interpret “Etiology”

A

Cause of disease

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15
Q

A patient experiences a stressor that activates the stress response. What is a pgtsiologic effect seen related to the release of catecholamines into the bloodstream?

A

Increased heart rate

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16
Q

Which of the following is the most common cause of cellular injury?

A

Hypoxia

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17
Q

What type of necrosis best describes death of a cell from hypoxia, generally as a result of ischemia in the lower extermites?

A

Gangrenous

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18
Q

A client has an arm cast removed and the nurse notices that the casted arm is somewhat smaller. What type of cellular adaption has occured?

A

Atrophy

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19
Q

A 40 year old females pap smear indicates abnormal changes in the shape and organization of cervical cells. Which term would be used to identify this type of change?

A

Dysplasia

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20
Q

A 75 year old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to..

A

ischemia

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21
Q

What is the accumulation of sodium and water in an injured cell directly related to?

A

Decreased ATP production

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22
Q

A 55 year old male has swelling of the feet. Which of the following aided in the development of swelling?

A

Na+ movement into the cell

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23
Q

While reading a textbook, a student reads the term apoptosis. The student recalls tha tapoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves into?

A

die

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24
Q

When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occuring within 6-14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as the presence of:

A

rigor mortis

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25
Q

Which of the following hormones enhances myocardial contractility?

A

Epinephrine

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26
Q

Stress induces sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla. This causes the secretion of catecholamines, which include…

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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27
Q

Case Study:
A female student is driving to scool and someone nearly hits her. Her heart starts beating hard and fast as she becomes scared.

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is she experiencing?

A

Alarm stage

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28
Q

Case Study:
A female student is driving to scool and someone nearly hits her. Her heart starts beating hard and fast as she becomes scared

What hormones could her body be releasing during this time?
A. epinephrine
B.norepinephrine
c.Thyroxine
D. Cortisol
E. Prolactim
A

A. epinephrine
B.norepinephrine
D. Cortisol

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29
Q

Case Study:
A female student is driving to scool and someone nearly hits her. Her heart starts beating hard and fast as she becomes scared

What clinical manifestations could this student be experiencing during this time? Select all below

A. increased blood pressure
B. Increased heart rate
C. Increased blood sugar
D. Bronchoconstriction
E. Water retention
A

A. increased blood pressure
B. Increased heart rate
C. Increased blood sugar
E. Water retention

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30
Q

Case Study:
A female student is driving to scool and someone nearly hits her. Her heart starts beating hard and fast as she becomes scared

Everytime she gets into the car her heart begins to race, she becomes diaphoretic, her hands shake, and her mouth becomes dry. What type of response is she experiencing?

A. Reactive
B. Anticipatory

A

B. Antocipatory

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31
Q

Case Study:
A female student is driving to scool and someone nearly hits her. Her heart starts beating hard and fast as she becomes scared

What effective coping mechanisms could the nurse suggest to the student ? Select all that apply

A. therapy
B. Meditation
C. Avoid Driving
D. Biofeedback
E. Smoking
A

A. therapy
B. Meditation
D. Biofeedback

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32
Q

Case Study:
A female student is driving to scool and someone nearly hits her. Her heart starts beating hard and fast as she becomes scared

What complications is this student at risk for developing if the stress continues for a long duration? Select all that apply

A. obesity
B. high blood pressure
C. diabetes
D. atherosclerosis
E. elevated lipid levels
A 
A. obesity
B. high blood pressure
C. diabetes
D. atherosclerosis
E. elevated lipid levels

All

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33
Q

Nosocomial

A

Hospital acquired

disease that formed in while in hosptial

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34
Q

Idiopathic

A

Cause of disease is unknown

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35
Q

Latrogenic

A

causw results from unintended or unwanted adverse effects of medical treatment.

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36
Q

Risk factor

A

tendencies that an indivdual at risk for developing certain diseases

37
Q

Percipitating factor

A

a condition or event that does cause a pathologic event or disorder

38
Q

Sequela

A

unwanted outcome of having a disease

39
Q

Complications

A

new problems that arise because of the disease

40
Q

Local Reaction

A 
localized CM (clinical manifestations) originate in and are confined to one organ system or one general area in the body. 
ex.. small rash from poisoin ivy
41
Q

Systemic Reaction

A

CM affect a number of organs and tissues, or affects the body as a whole.

42
Q

Remission

A

occurs when CM subside (become less intense, calm down)

43
Q

Exacerbation

A

occurs when the CM increases/gets worse

44
Q

Iron deficiency Anemia

A

Intrinsic (belonging naturally)

(nutrional)

45
Q

Fungal Infection

A

Animate (alive) Extrinsic (outside)

46
Q

Degenerative Arthristis

A

Intrinsic

47
Q

Fever of unknown orgin

A

Idiopathic

48
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 3 stages are

A

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

49
Q

Alarm stage

A

Fight or flight, Stress triggers hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which activates sympathetic nervous system.
-Epi and Norepi are released.

50
Q

Resistance stage/Adaptation phase

A

Attempts homeostasis. (Homeostatis is a dynamic balance between the autonomic branches)

  • Actions of adrenal hormones.
  • Continued mobilization of the bodys resources to cope an overcome a sustained challenge.
51
Q

Exhaustion stage/ Allostatic overload

A

no longer can produce hormones.

  • Occurs only if stress continues and adaptation is not successful.
  • Bodys physiologic and immune system no longer effectively copes with the stressor and marks the onset of diseases.
  • High levels of cortisol which is linked to obesity, sleep deperavtion, elevated lipid levels, hypertension, lose of bone density, etc.
52
Q

Reactive response

A

invovles a physiological response from psychological stressor.

ex. . an examination with no physical stressor causes the invididual to get increased heart rate.
- sitting down first exam and your heart starts to beat really fast.

53
Q

Anticipartory

A

Already had a bad experience and is anticipating another bad experience. Generated by fear.
ex… have to get blood drawn but last time you had a bad outcome so you think its gonna happen again.

54
Q

Reactive or anticipatory

-Man develops pounding heart and dry mouth when his boss tells him he is fired from his job.

A

Reactive

55
Q

Reactive or anticipatory

-Women develops pounding heart, dry mouth in the car on her way to her chemotherapy appointment

A

Anticipatory

56
Q

Reactive or anticipatory

- Student develops pounding heart, dry mouth halfway through an examination

A

Reactive

57
Q

Hypothalamus secretes

produce or give off

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

58
Q

Pituitary Releases

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

59
Q

Adrenals Secrete

A

cortisol (increases sugars/glucose in bloodstream and catecholamines (both help body respond to stress or fight or flight

60
Q

Cortisol

A
  • secreted during stress
  • reaches all tissues
  • stimulates gluconeogensis
  • abnormal elevations linked to:
    1. sleep depreivation
    2. obesity
    3. htn
    4. diabetes
    5. atherosclerosis
    6. elevated lipid levels
61
Q

What can cortisol do?

A
  • evelates blood glucose during fight or flight.
  • affects protein metabolism
  • promotes resolution and repair but not long term.
  • induce t cell apoptosis
  • influences all immune cells
  • cognitibe impairments
  • used therapeutically as powerful anti-imflammatory/immunisupressive agents.
  • to much cortisol can affect wounds and create poor wound care.
62
Q

Catecholamines

A

hormone during stress

-epi and norepi

63
Q

What do catecholamines do

A

increased blood flow and increased glucose metabolisim in the brain

  • increased rate and force contraction of heart.
  • peripheral vasoconstriction in cardiovascular system.
  • bronchodilation in pulmonary system so we can take in more oxygen.
64
Q

Stress and role of immune system

A
  • stress directly related to proinflammatory cytokines
  • link between stress, immune function, and disease/cancer.
  • immune system affected by neruroendocrine factors.
  • stress response decreases T-cell cytotoxicity and b-cell function
65
Q

Coping in stress

A

Can be adapative or maladaptive
Adaptive- improved outcomes
Maladaptive- adverse health effects

66
Q

Altered Cellular Function is caused by…

A
  • Cellular adaptation
  • Cellular injury
  • Cellular Neoplasia
  • Aging
  • Cellular Death
67
Q

Etiology of Cell injury

A
  • disease
  • poor nutrition
  • hypoxia/ischemia
  • genetics
  • physical/mechanical
  • chemical/drugs
  • aging process
68
Q

Blunt force injuries

A
  • contusions
  • abrasion
  • lacerations
  • fractures
69
Q

Sharp force injuries

A

puncture wounds
stab wounds
incised wounds
chop wounds

70
Q

Gunshot wounds

A

caused by object shot into body

71
Q

Asphycial Injuries

A

failure of cells to use oxygen

ex.. hanging, strangling, drowning

72
Q

Infectious Injury

A

ability of bacteria and virsus to produce toxins to damage the cell wall and gain entery into cells

73
Q

Immunologic and Inflammatory Injury

A

results in swelling and redness.

  • Includes phagocytic cells.
  • Membrane alterations.
  • substances such as histamine,antibodies, lymphokines, complement, and proteases.
74
Q

Manifestations of cellular Injury

A

cellular swelling most common change.
Abnormal cellular substances:
-Endogenous: products of abnormal metabolism and synthesis.
-Exogenous: infectious agents or minerals.

*Dead and injured cells initiate inflammation

75
Q

Cellular Death

-Necrosis

A

form of cell injury which results in premature death of the cells in living tissue by autolysis
-caused by factors external to the cell or tissue

76
Q

Cellular Death

-Apoptosis

A
  • process of eliminating unwanted cells, called programmed cell death.
  • mechanism of cell death is not limited to developmental causes but may result from enviromental triggers.
    ex. .. can be seen in alztimers
77
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A
  • usually results from an interuption of blood flow/ishcemia

- often seen in kidneys,heart, and adrenal glands

78
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A
  • usually results from an interuption of blood flow/ishcemia.
  • Occurs in the brain
  • dead brain cells leak hydrolytic enzyme.
  • Bacterial infection
  • staph
  • strep
  • E.coli
79
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A
  • from TB
  • Is a pulmonary infection
  • found in lung in Tuberculous
  • Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis
80
Q

Fat Necrosis

A
  • broken down in fatty acids and form soap like looking necorsis.
  • Action of lipsases
  • Mostly seen in breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs.
81
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A
  • Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury.
  • Mostly in legs or GI
  • 3 types: Dry, wet, gas (developing of the presence of clostridium. most serious type and potential to be fatal. Bacteria releases toxins so infections spreads rapidly.
82
Q

Normal life span

A

80 to 100 years old.
Women average is 80
Men average is 75

83
Q

Cellular aging

A
  • atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells.
  • tissue and systemic aging
  • progressive stiffness
  • sacropenia (loss of muscle mass and strength)
84
Q

Frailty (commonly see in aging)

A

Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity , cognition, nutrution, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density.

85
Q

Somatic Death

A

-death of the entire person

86
Q

Algor Mortis

A

postmortem reduction of body temperature falls 1-1.5 degrees per hours equalling in temp of enviroment.

  • Skin becomes pale
  • cheeks and lips remain red
87
Q

Livor Mortis

A

purple discoloration in most dependent area (face, chin, nose, etc)

88
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

muscle stiffening begans about 6 hours in small muscle and withing 12-14 hours will begin to affect entire body.
-diminshes and body becomes flaccid between 36-62 hours

Patho (8 decks)

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