Pathophysiology Review 2 Flashcards
What is the definition of active natural and active artificial immunity?
- Active natural- natural exposure to antigen, develops antibodies
- Active artificial- antigen purposefully introduced to body, stimulates antibody production, immunization
What is the definition of passive natural and passive artificial immunity?
- Passive natural- IgG transferred from mother to fetus, placenta, breast milk
- Passive artificial- injection of antibodies, short term protection
What are the different types of tissue rejection? When do they develop?
- Hyperacute rejection- immediately after transplantation
- Acute rejection- develops after several weeks
- Chronic, late rejection- occurs after months or years
How would tissue rejection be treated?
- Immunosuppression techniques
- Drug treatment
What is Anaphylaxis? What are some of the known causes?
- Systemic hypersensitivity reaction, decreased blood pressure because of histamine, airways obstruction
- Causes: latex materials, insect stings, nuts or shellfish: various drugs
What is the definition of an autoimmune disorder? What role do antibodies play in these disorders?
- Development of antibodies against own cells or tissues
- Antibodies attack self-antigens and immune complexes deposit, loss of self-tolerance
What are the differences between an individual that is HIV positive and an individual who has AIDS?
- HIV positive- virus in the body but no evidence of immunosuppression
- AIDS- marked clinical symptoms, multiple complications
What are 4 examples of diagnostic tests for skin lesions?
- Culture and staining of specimens
- Biopsy
- Blood tests
- Skin testing using patch or scratch method
What are some known causes for contact dermatitis?
- Exposure to an allergen-soaps, chemicals, plants
- Direct chemical or mechanical irritation- does not involve immune response, just remove
Acute necrotizing fasciitis is caused by bacterial infection. What mechanisms does the bacteria use to progress the disorder?
- Bacteria secrete toxins that break down fascia and connective tissue causing massive destruction
What are some of the treatment methods for acute necrotizing fasciitis?
- Aggressive antimicrobial therapy
- Fluid replacement
- Excision of all infected tissue
- High oxygen flow in hyperbaric chambers
- Amputation
- Delay in treatment greater tissue loss
- Systemic toxicity develops with fever, tachycardia, hypotension, mental confusion, disorientation, possible organ failure
What are the two types of herpes simplex discussed? What are the differences?
- Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1)- most common cause of cold sores or fever blisters
- Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2)- genital herpes
How does one contract herpes simplex?
- spread by direct contact with fluid from lesion
What is the cycle behind the pathophysiology of scabies?
- Female burrows into epidermis
- Female dies after laying the eggs
- Larvae migrate to skin surface
- Larvae mature and cycle is repeated
- Burrows appear on skin as tiny, light brown lines
What can happen to dead tissue in compartment syndrome?
- Dead tissue may become gangrenous, requiring amputation
