Pathophysiology

Question 1

What are the def for gross level, micro level, biopsy, and autopsy

Answer 1

-Gross-organ or system level
-Microscopic- cellular level
-biopsy- excision of small amounts of living tissue
-autopsy- examination of the body and organs after death

Question 2

What are the causes of disease?

Answer 2

-Idiopathic-unknown
-Latrogenic-error/treatment/procedure may cause disease
-Predisposing factors-age, gender, inherited factors, environment
-Prophylaxis-preserve health; prevent spread of disease
-Prevention-vaccinations; dietary lifestyle modifications; prevention of potentially harmful activities etc.

Question 3

What are the different types of cellular adaptations?

Answer 3

-Atrophy- decrease in the size of cells
-hypertrophy- increase in cell size
-Hyperplasia- increased number of cells
-Metaplasia- mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
-Dysplasia- cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
-Anaplasia- undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures
-Neoplasia- “new growth” mostly known as tumor

Question 4

What are the different types of necrosis(dying cells)?

Answer 4

-Liquefaction necrosis- dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
-Coagulative necrosis- cell proteins are altered or denatured-coagulation
-Fat necrosis- fatty tissue broken down into atty acids
-Caseous necrosis- form of coagulation necrosis, thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms

Question 5

What are the different types of extracellular fluid?

Answer 5

-Extracellular ECF-
~ Interstitial fluid,
~cerebrospinal fluid,
~transcellular fluids

Question 6

What receptors cause thirst in the human body?

Answer 6

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

Question 7

Which hormone controls the reabsorption of sodium and water in the body?

Answer 7

-Antidiuretic hormone or aldosterone

Question 8

What is the term used to describe “excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial fluid?

Answer 8

edema

Question 9

What causes of hypokalemia (decreased potassium)

Answer 9

-excessive losses caused by diarrhea
-diuresis associated with some diuretic drugs
-excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids
-decreased dietary intake
-treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin

Question 10

Difference between Acidosis and Alkalosis?

Answer 10

Acidosis- excess of hydrogen ions, decrease in serum pH
-alkalosis – deficit of hydrogen ions, increase in serum pH

Question 11

What is the substance that alters biological activity in a person

Answer 11

Drugs

Question 12

What determines a child’s dose?

Answer 12

Weight

Question 13

What happens with taking an irregular amount of dose?

Answer 13

-wrong amounts at weird times/missing doses
+ alters the blood levels of drug, could become toxic
-Taking double dose or too frequently-
+Blood level dangerously high

Question 14

What information must a prescription contain?

Answer 14

-Patients name, address, age
-prescribers name, address, identification number
-Date
-Name and amount of the drug
-Dosage
-Route and directions for using the drug
-Permission for additional quantities

Question 15

What is the government body overseeing drug regulation in the United States?

Answer 15

FDA US Food and Drug Administration

Question 16

What are the responsibilities of an occupational therapist?

Answer 16

adapt the patient to every day life

Question 17

What causes pain and what function does it serve?

Answer 17

-unpleasant sensation- discomfort caused by stimulation of pain receptors
-body defense mechanism- warning of a problem
-complex mechanisms- many not totally understood
-subjective scales- developed to compare pain levels over time

Question 18

What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain?

Answer 18

-somatic-from skin, bone muscle, conducted by sensory fibers
-visceral pain- originates in organs, conducted by sympathetic fibers, may be acute or chronic

Question 19

Which afferent fiber is responsible for acute pain?

Answer 19

myelinated A delta fibers

Question 20

What are the different reactions to pain in a developing child?

Answer 20

-different coping mechanisms
-range of behavior
-often have difficulty describing the pain
-withdrawal and lack of communication in older children

Question 21

What are the compartments that make up purulent exudate?

Answer 21

-Thick, yellow green, contains more leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms

Question 21

What are the components that make up fibrinous exudate?

Answer 21

-thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content

Question 22

What is the definition of referred pain?

Answer 22

-source may be difficult to determine, pain may be perceived at site distant from source.

Question 22

What are the major causes of inflammation?

Answer 22

-direct physical damage
-caustic chemicals
-ischemia or infarction
-allergic reactions
-extremes of heat or cold
-foreign bodies
-infection

Question 22

When does phantom pain manifest in a person?

Answer 22

usually in adults, more common if chronic pain has occurred , can follow an amputation

Question 23

What type of inflammation has less swelling and exudate but continued tissue destruction?

Answer 23

Chronic inflammation

Question 24

What are the three types of healing?

Answer 24

-resolution- minimal tissue damage
- regeneration- damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional
-replacement -functional tissue replaced by scar tissue, loss of function

Question 25

What are the three classifications of burns?

Answer 25

-superficial partial thickness (first degree)
-Deep partial-thickness (second degree)
-full thickness (third and fourth degree)

Question 26

When does phantom pain manifest in a person?

Answer 26

Usually in adults, common if chronic pain has occurred, can follow an amputation