Pathophysiology Flashcards
What are the def for gross level, micro level, biopsy, and autopsy
-Gross-organ or system level
-Microscopic- cellular level
-biopsy- excision of small amounts of living tissue
-autopsy- examination of the body and organs after death
What are the causes of disease?
-Idiopathic-unknown
-Latrogenic-error/treatment/procedure may cause disease
-Predisposing factors-age, gender, inherited factors, environment
-Prophylaxis-preserve health; prevent spread of disease
-Prevention-vaccinations; dietary lifestyle modifications; prevention of potentially harmful activities etc.
What are the different types of cellular adaptations?
-Atrophy- decrease in the size of cells
-hypertrophy- increase in cell size
-Hyperplasia- increased number of cells
-Metaplasia- mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
-Dysplasia- cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
-Anaplasia- undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures
-Neoplasia- “new growth” mostly known as tumor
What are the different types of necrosis(dying cells)?
-Liquefaction necrosis- dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
-Coagulative necrosis- cell proteins are altered or denatured-coagulation
-Fat necrosis- fatty tissue broken down into atty acids
-Caseous necrosis- form of coagulation necrosis, thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms
What are the different types of extracellular fluid?
-Extracellular ECF-
~ Interstitial fluid,
~cerebrospinal fluid,
~transcellular fluids
What receptors cause thirst in the human body?
osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
Which hormone controls the reabsorption of sodium and water in the body?
-Antidiuretic hormone or aldosterone
What is the term used to describe “excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial fluid?
edema
What causes of hypokalemia (decreased potassium)
-excessive losses caused by diarrhea
-diuresis associated with some diuretic drugs
-excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids
-decreased dietary intake
-treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin
Difference between Acidosis and Alkalosis?
Acidosis- excess of hydrogen ions, decrease in serum pH
-alkalosis – deficit of hydrogen ions, increase in serum pH
What is the substance that alters biological activity in a person
Drugs
What determines a child’s dose?
Weight
What happens with taking an irregular amount of dose?
-wrong amounts at weird times/missing doses
+ alters the blood levels of drug, could become toxic
-Taking double dose or too frequently-
+Blood level dangerously high
What information must a prescription contain?
-Patients name, address, age
-prescribers name, address, identification number
-Date
-Name and amount of the drug
-Dosage
-Route and directions for using the drug
-Permission for additional quantities
What is the government body overseeing drug regulation in the United States?
FDA US Food and Drug Administration
What are the responsibilities of an occupational therapist?
adapt the patient to every day life
What causes pain and what function does it serve?
-unpleasant sensation- discomfort caused by stimulation of pain receptors
-body defense mechanism- warning of a problem
-complex mechanisms- many not totally understood
-subjective scales- developed to compare pain levels over time
What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain?
-somatic-from skin, bone muscle, conducted by sensory fibers
-visceral pain- originates in organs, conducted by sympathetic fibers, may be acute or chronic
Which afferent fiber is responsible for acute pain?
myelinated A delta fibers
What are the different reactions to pain in a developing child?
-different coping mechanisms
-range of behavior
-often have difficulty describing the pain
-withdrawal and lack of communication in older children
What are the compartments that make up purulent exudate?
-Thick, yellow green, contains more leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms
What are the components that make up fibrinous exudate?
-thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content
What is the definition of referred pain?
-source may be difficult to determine, pain may be perceived at site distant from source.
What are the major causes of inflammation?
-direct physical damage
-caustic chemicals
-ischemia or infarction
-allergic reactions
-extremes of heat or cold
-foreign bodies
-infection
When does phantom pain manifest in a person?
usually in adults, more common if chronic pain has occurred , can follow an amputation
What type of inflammation has less swelling and exudate but continued tissue destruction?
Chronic inflammation
What are the three types of healing?
-resolution- minimal tissue damage
- regeneration- damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional
-replacement -functional tissue replaced by scar tissue, loss of function
What are the three classifications of burns?
-superficial partial thickness (first degree)
-Deep partial-thickness (second degree)
-full thickness (third and fourth degree)
When does phantom pain manifest in a person?
Usually in adults, common if chronic pain has occurred, can follow an amputation
