Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BSN Program > Patho Midterm ch. 1-9 > Flashcards

Patho Midterm ch. 1-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between gross level and microscopic level?

A
  • Gross level- organ or system level
  • Microscopic level- cellular level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the differences between biopsy and autopsy?

A
  • Biopsy- excision of small amounts of living tissue
  • Autopsy- examination of the body and organs after death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the definitions of idiopathic and iatrogenic?

A

-idiopathic- cause of a disease is unknown
- latrogenic- error/ treatment/ procedure may cause the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different types of cellular adaptations and what do they do?

A

Atrophy- decrease in size of cell
Hypertrophy- increase in cell size
Hyperplasia- increased number of cells
Metaplasia- mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia-cells vary in size and shape within tissue
Anaplasia- undifferentiated cells. With variable nuclear and cell structures
Neoplasia- new growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the definition of necrosis?

A

-dying cells, natural cell death, pathogen can kill tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the different types of necrosis and what do they do?

A
  • Liquefaction: dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
  • Coagulative: cell proteins are altered or denatured coagulation
  • Fat necrosis- fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids
  • Caseous necrosis- coagulation necrosis, thick-yellowish-cheesy substance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is intercellular fluid?

A
  • Fluid inside the cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the different types of extracellular fluid?

A
  • Intravascular fluid IVF
  • Interstitial fluid ISF
  • Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
  • Transcellular fluids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of ADH and aldosterone in controlling fluids and electrolytes?

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone- reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules
  • Aldosterone- reabsorption of sodium and water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What peptides regulate fluid, sodium, and potassium levels?

A
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
  • B-type natriuretic peptide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is edema and what are its characteristics?

A
  • Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment
  • Characteristics: swelling or enlargement of tissue, localized or throughout the body, impair tissue perfusion, trap drugs in ISF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the types of Ph imbalances that can occur in a person?

A
  • Acidosis- excess hydrogen ions, decrease in serum pH
  • Alkalosis- deficit of hydrogen ions, increase in serum pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the best definition of a drug?

A
  • A substance that alters biologic activity in a person
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a dose? How can one determine a child’s dose?

A
  • Amount of drug required to produce the desired effect In adult
  • Child’s dose- weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the definition of a loading dose?

A
  • Larger dose may be administered initially to raise blood levels to an effective level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to drug levels in blood if a person is taking irregular doses or too many doses?

A
  • Irregular doses- blood level changeable and ineffective
  • Many doses- blood level dangerously high
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the main goals of an occupational therapist?

A
  • Provides functional assessment, guidance and practical assistance, integrates remediation, teaches use of adaptations for specific needs, assesses technologies available for use in work or home
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What causes pain and what function does it serve?

A
  • An unpleasant sensation that is caused stimulation of pain receptors
  • Body defense mechanism- warning of a problem
  • Complex mechanisms- many not totally understood
  • Subjective scales- compare pain levels over time
19
Q

What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain?

A
  • Somatic pain- from skin, bone muscle, and conducted by sensory fibers
  • Visceral pain- originates in organs, can be acute or chronic, sympathetic fibers
20
Q

Which afferent fiber (nerve fibers) are responsible for acute pain?

A
  • Myelinated A delta fibers
21
Q

What is the definition of referred pain?

A
  • Pain may be perceived at site distant from source
22
Q

When does phantom pain manifest in a person?

A
  • Usually in adults
  • Most common after chronic pain
  • Follow an amputation
23
Q

What are the different causes that cause inflammation?

A
  • Direct physical damage
  • Caustic chemicals
  • Ischemia or infarction
  • Allergic reactions
  • Extreme hot or cold
  • Foreign bodies
  • Infection
24
Q

What are the different types and characteristics of exudate?

A
  • Serous- watery, consists primarily of fluid, some proteins, and white blood cells
  • Fibrinous- thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content
  • Purulent- thick, yellow green, contains more leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms, abscess
  • Hemorrhagic exudate- present when blood vessels are damaged
25
Q

What are the consequences of chronic inflammation?

A
  • Presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts
  • Continued tissue destruction
  • More fibrous scar tissue
  • Granuloma may develop
26
Q

What are the differences between the different types of healing?

A
  • Resolution- minimal tissue damage
  • Regeneration- damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional
  • Replacement- functional tissue replaced by scar tissue, loss of function
27
Q

What is the description of the 3 classifications of burns?

A
  • Superficial partial thickness- epidermis and some dermis
  • Deep partial thickness- epidermis and part of dermis, blister formation
  • Full thickness- destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissues
28
Q

What is the definition of active natural and active artificial?

A
  • Active natural- natural exposure to antigen, development of antibodies
  • Active artificial immunity- antigen purposefully introduced in body, stimulates antibody production, immunization
29
Q

What is the definition of passive natural and passive artificial?

A
  • Passive natural- IgG transferred from mother to fetus/across placental or breast milk, protection for first few months
  • Passive artificial- injection of antibodies, short term protection
30
Q

What are the different types of tissue rejection? When do they develop?

A
  • Hyperacute- immediately after transplant
  • Acute rejection- develops after several weeks
  • Chronic, late rejection- after months or years
31
Q

How would tissue rejection be treated?

A
  • Immunosuppression techniques, drug treatment
32
Q

What is anaphylaxis? What are some of the know causes?

A
  • Systemic hypersensitivity reaction, decreased blood pressure due to histamine, airway obstructed
  • Causes: latex, insect stings, nuts or shellfish
33
Q

What is the definition of an autoimmune disorder? What role do antibodies play in these disorders?

A
  • Development of antibodies against own cells or tissues
  • Antibodies for against self-antigens and attack
34
Q

What are some known causes for contact dermatitis?

A
  • Exposure to an allergen
  • Direct chemical or mechanical irritation
35
Q

What mechanisms does bacteria that causes acute necrotizing fasciitis use to progress the disorder?

A
  • Secretes toxins that break down fascia and connective tissue leading to massive destruction
36
Q

What are some treatments for acute necrotizing fasciitis?

A
  • Aggressive microbial therapy
  • Fluid replacement
  • Excision of infected tissue
  • Amputation
  • Hyperbaric chamber
37
Q

What are the two types of herpes simplex discussed? What are their differences? How does one contract herpes simplex?

A
  • HSV 1- most common in cold sores or fever blisters
  • HSV-2- genital herpes
  • Spread by direct contact with fluid from lesion, can spread to others prior from physical appearance
38
Q

What is the cycle behind pathophysiology of scabies?

A
  • Sarcoptes scabiei
  • Female burrows into epidermis
  • Female lays eggs and dies
  • Larvae migrate to skin surface
  • Larvae matures and repeat
39
Q

What are the differences between sprain, strain and avulsion?

A
  • Sprain- a tear in ligament
  • Strain- a tear in a tendon
  • Avulsion- ligaments or tendons completely separated from bony attachments
40
Q

What are predisposing factors for developing osteoporosis? Is there a genetic or regional component?

A
  • Age 50+ years
  • Decreased mobility
  • Hormonal factor
  • Deficiets in vitamin D, calcium, or protein
  • Smoking
  • Small light bone structure
  • Excessive caffeine
  • Asian or European ancestry
41
Q

Bone is a typical secondary site to which types of cancers? What age group is more at risk?

A
  • Breast, lung, or prostate cancers
  • Children, adolescents, and young adults- osteosarcoma
42
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is what type of disease? Who is more at risk for developing it?

A
  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Affects all age groups
43
Q

What is a major change that can be seen in an individual with rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Atrophy in muscles
  • Bone alignment shifts
  • Muscle spasms
  • Contractures and deformity

BSN Program (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions