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BSN Program > Patho Midterm ch. 1-9 > Flashcards

Patho Midterm ch. 1-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between gross level and microscopic level?

A
  • Gross level- organ or system level
  • Microscopic level- cellular level
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2
Q

What are the differences between biopsy and autopsy?

A
  • Biopsy- excision of small amounts of living tissue
  • Autopsy- examination of the body and organs after death
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3
Q

What are the definitions of idiopathic and iatrogenic?

A

-idiopathic- cause of a disease is unknown
- latrogenic- error/ treatment/ procedure may cause the disease

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4
Q

What are the different types of cellular adaptations and what do they do?

A

Atrophy- decrease in size of cell
Hypertrophy- increase in cell size
Hyperplasia- increased number of cells
Metaplasia- mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia-cells vary in size and shape within tissue
Anaplasia- undifferentiated cells. With variable nuclear and cell structures
Neoplasia- new growth

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5
Q

What is the definition of necrosis?

A

-dying cells, natural cell death, pathogen can kill tissue

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6
Q

What are the different types of necrosis and what do they do?

A
  • Liquefaction: dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
  • Coagulative: cell proteins are altered or denatured coagulation
  • Fat necrosis- fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids
  • Caseous necrosis- coagulation necrosis, thick-yellowish-cheesy substance
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7
Q

What is intercellular fluid?

A
  • Fluid inside the cells
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8
Q

What are the different types of extracellular fluid?

A
  • Intravascular fluid IVF
  • Interstitial fluid ISF
  • Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
  • Transcellular fluids
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9
Q

What is the role of ADH and aldosterone in controlling fluids and electrolytes?

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone- reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules
  • Aldosterone- reabsorption of sodium and water
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10
Q

What peptides regulate fluid, sodium, and potassium levels?

A
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
  • B-type natriuretic peptide
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11
Q

What is edema and what are its characteristics?

A
  • Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment
  • Characteristics: swelling or enlargement of tissue, localized or throughout the body, impair tissue perfusion, trap drugs in ISF
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12
Q

What are the types of Ph imbalances that can occur in a person?

A
  • Acidosis- excess hydrogen ions, decrease in serum pH
  • Alkalosis- deficit of hydrogen ions, increase in serum pH
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13
Q

What is the best definition of a drug?

A
  • A substance that alters biologic activity in a person
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14
Q

What is a dose? How can one determine a child’s dose?

A
  • Amount of drug required to produce the desired effect In adult
  • Child’s dose- weight
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15
Q

What is the definition of a loading dose?

A
  • Larger dose may be administered initially to raise blood levels to an effective level
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16
Q

What happens to drug levels in blood if a person is taking irregular doses or too many doses?

A
  • Irregular doses- blood level changeable and ineffective
  • Many doses- blood level dangerously high
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17
Q

What are the main goals of an occupational therapist?

A
  • Provides functional assessment, guidance and practical assistance, integrates remediation, teaches use of adaptations for specific needs, assesses technologies available for use in work or home
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18
Q

What causes pain and what function does it serve?

A
  • An unpleasant sensation that is caused stimulation of pain receptors
  • Body defense mechanism- warning of a problem
  • Complex mechanisms- many not totally understood
  • Subjective scales- compare pain levels over time
19
Q

What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain?

A
  • Somatic pain- from skin, bone muscle, and conducted by sensory fibers
  • Visceral pain- originates in organs, can be acute or chronic, sympathetic fibers
20
Q

Which afferent fiber (nerve fibers) are responsible for acute pain?

A
  • Myelinated A delta fibers
21
Q

What is the definition of referred pain?

A
  • Pain may be perceived at site distant from source
22
Q

When does phantom pain manifest in a person?

A
  • Usually in adults
  • Most common after chronic pain
  • Follow an amputation
23
Q

What are the different causes that cause inflammation?

A
  • Direct physical damage
  • Caustic chemicals
  • Ischemia or infarction
  • Allergic reactions
  • Extreme hot or cold
  • Foreign bodies
  • Infection
24
Q

What are the different types and characteristics of exudate?

A
  • Serous- watery, consists primarily of fluid, some proteins, and white blood cells
  • Fibrinous- thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content
  • Purulent- thick, yellow green, contains more leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms, abscess
  • Hemorrhagic exudate- present when blood vessels are damaged
25
Q

What are the consequences of chronic inflammation?

A
  • Presence of more lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts
  • Continued tissue destruction
  • More fibrous scar tissue
  • Granuloma may develop
26
Q

What are the differences between the different types of healing?

A
  • Resolution- minimal tissue damage
  • Regeneration- damaged tissue replaced with cells that are functional
  • Replacement- functional tissue replaced by scar tissue, loss of function
27
Q

What is the description of the 3 classifications of burns?

A
  • Superficial partial thickness- epidermis and some dermis
  • Deep partial thickness- epidermis and part of dermis, blister formation
  • Full thickness- destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissues
28
Q

What is the definition of active natural and active artificial?

A
  • Active natural- natural exposure to antigen, development of antibodies
  • Active artificial immunity- antigen purposefully introduced in body, stimulates antibody production, immunization
29
Q

What is the definition of passive natural and passive artificial?

A
  • Passive natural- IgG transferred from mother to fetus/across placental or breast milk, protection for first few months
  • Passive artificial- injection of antibodies, short term protection
30
Q

What are the different types of tissue rejection? When do they develop?

A
  • Hyperacute- immediately after transplant
  • Acute rejection- develops after several weeks
  • Chronic, late rejection- after months or years
31
Q

How would tissue rejection be treated?

A
  • Immunosuppression techniques, drug treatment
32
Q

What is anaphylaxis? What are some of the know causes?

A
  • Systemic hypersensitivity reaction, decreased blood pressure due to histamine, airway obstructed
  • Causes: latex, insect stings, nuts or shellfish
33
Q

What is the definition of an autoimmune disorder? What role do antibodies play in these disorders?

A
  • Development of antibodies against own cells or tissues
  • Antibodies for against self-antigens and attack
34
Q

What are some known causes for contact dermatitis?

A
  • Exposure to an allergen
  • Direct chemical or mechanical irritation
35
Q

What mechanisms does bacteria that causes acute necrotizing fasciitis use to progress the disorder?

A
  • Secretes toxins that break down fascia and connective tissue leading to massive destruction
36
Q

What are some treatments for acute necrotizing fasciitis?

A
  • Aggressive microbial therapy
  • Fluid replacement
  • Excision of infected tissue
  • Amputation
  • Hyperbaric chamber
37
Q

What are the two types of herpes simplex discussed? What are their differences? How does one contract herpes simplex?

A
  • HSV 1- most common in cold sores or fever blisters
  • HSV-2- genital herpes
  • Spread by direct contact with fluid from lesion, can spread to others prior from physical appearance
38
Q

What is the cycle behind pathophysiology of scabies?

A
  • Sarcoptes scabiei
  • Female burrows into epidermis
  • Female lays eggs and dies
  • Larvae migrate to skin surface
  • Larvae matures and repeat
39
Q

What are the differences between sprain, strain and avulsion?

A
  • Sprain- a tear in ligament
  • Strain- a tear in a tendon
  • Avulsion- ligaments or tendons completely separated from bony attachments
40
Q

What are predisposing factors for developing osteoporosis? Is there a genetic or regional component?

A
  • Age 50+ years
  • Decreased mobility
  • Hormonal factor
  • Deficiets in vitamin D, calcium, or protein
  • Smoking
  • Small light bone structure
  • Excessive caffeine
  • Asian or European ancestry
41
Q

Bone is a typical secondary site to which types of cancers? What age group is more at risk?

A
  • Breast, lung, or prostate cancers
  • Children, adolescents, and young adults- osteosarcoma
42
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is what type of disease? Who is more at risk for developing it?

A
  • Autoimmune disorder
  • Affects all age groups
43
Q

What is a major change that can be seen in an individual with rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Atrophy in muscles
  • Bone alignment shifts
  • Muscle spasms
  • Contractures and deformity

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