Patho Midterm ch. 1-9 Flashcards
(43 cards)
What are the differences between gross level and microscopic level?
- Gross level- organ or system level
- Microscopic level- cellular level
What are the differences between biopsy and autopsy?
- Biopsy- excision of small amounts of living tissue
- Autopsy- examination of the body and organs after death
What are the definitions of idiopathic and iatrogenic?
-idiopathic- cause of a disease is unknown
- latrogenic- error/ treatment/ procedure may cause the disease
What are the different types of cellular adaptations and what do they do?
Atrophy- decrease in size of cell
Hypertrophy- increase in cell size
Hyperplasia- increased number of cells
Metaplasia- mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Dysplasia-cells vary in size and shape within tissue
Anaplasia- undifferentiated cells. With variable nuclear and cell structures
Neoplasia- new growth
What is the definition of necrosis?
-dying cells, natural cell death, pathogen can kill tissue
What are the different types of necrosis and what do they do?
- Liquefaction: dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
- Coagulative: cell proteins are altered or denatured coagulation
- Fat necrosis- fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids
- Caseous necrosis- coagulation necrosis, thick-yellowish-cheesy substance
What is intercellular fluid?
- Fluid inside the cells
What are the different types of extracellular fluid?
- Intravascular fluid IVF
- Interstitial fluid ISF
- Cerebrospinal fluid CSF
- Transcellular fluids
What is the role of ADH and aldosterone in controlling fluids and electrolytes?
- Antidiuretic hormone- reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules
- Aldosterone- reabsorption of sodium and water
What peptides regulate fluid, sodium, and potassium levels?
- Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
- B-type natriuretic peptide
What is edema and what are its characteristics?
- Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartment
- Characteristics: swelling or enlargement of tissue, localized or throughout the body, impair tissue perfusion, trap drugs in ISF
What are the types of Ph imbalances that can occur in a person?
- Acidosis- excess hydrogen ions, decrease in serum pH
- Alkalosis- deficit of hydrogen ions, increase in serum pH
What is the best definition of a drug?
- A substance that alters biologic activity in a person
What is a dose? How can one determine a child’s dose?
- Amount of drug required to produce the desired effect In adult
- Child’s dose- weight
What is the definition of a loading dose?
- Larger dose may be administered initially to raise blood levels to an effective level
What happens to drug levels in blood if a person is taking irregular doses or too many doses?
- Irregular doses- blood level changeable and ineffective
- Many doses- blood level dangerously high
What are the main goals of an occupational therapist?
- Provides functional assessment, guidance and practical assistance, integrates remediation, teaches use of adaptations for specific needs, assesses technologies available for use in work or home
What causes pain and what function does it serve?
- An unpleasant sensation that is caused stimulation of pain receptors
- Body defense mechanism- warning of a problem
- Complex mechanisms- many not totally understood
- Subjective scales- compare pain levels over time
What is the difference between somatic and visceral pain?
- Somatic pain- from skin, bone muscle, and conducted by sensory fibers
- Visceral pain- originates in organs, can be acute or chronic, sympathetic fibers
Which afferent fiber (nerve fibers) are responsible for acute pain?
- Myelinated A delta fibers
What is the definition of referred pain?
- Pain may be perceived at site distant from source
When does phantom pain manifest in a person?
- Usually in adults
- Most common after chronic pain
- Follow an amputation
What are the different causes that cause inflammation?
- Direct physical damage
- Caustic chemicals
- Ischemia or infarction
- Allergic reactions
- Extreme hot or cold
- Foreign bodies
- Infection
What are the different types and characteristics of exudate?
- Serous- watery, consists primarily of fluid, some proteins, and white blood cells
- Fibrinous- thick, sticky, high cell and fibrin content
- Purulent- thick, yellow green, contains more leukocytes, cell debris, and microorganisms, abscess
- Hemorrhagic exudate- present when blood vessels are damaged
