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BSN Program > Micro Quiz 1 Review > Flashcards

Micro Quiz 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Know the contributions of Anthony can Leeuwenhoek

A
  • Father of microscopy
  • Observed protozoans and bacteria and called them Animalcules
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2
Q

What is the theory of spontaneous generation?

A
  • Abiogenesis- life develops from nonliving matter
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3
Q

What is the work of Francesco Redi and Louis Pasteur, how did their findings disprove spontaneous generation?

A
  • Francesco- did an experiment of putting a piece of meat to be infested by maggots from a fly.
  • Louis- did the broth experiment in a swan-necked flask and found the broth to be clear when there was no access to air.
  • Both prove that life does not develop from nonliving matter.
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4
Q

What is the Germ theory of disease?

A
  • Microorganisms cause not only spoilage and decay but also infectious diseases.
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5
Q

What was Rober Koch work (Kock’s Postulates)?

A
  • Investigated anthrax
  • Kock’s postulates
    a. Discovered that the microbe must be present in every animal with disease and not in healthy animals.
    b. The microbe can be grown in pure culture outside of the host
    c. The same micro must be isolated from the exposed animal.
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6
Q

What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Similarities:
    a. Methods of reproduction: cell division, binary fission, mitosis, meiosis
    b. Genetic material
    c. Cellular metabolism
    d. Response to external and internal stimuli to change temp, pH, and nutrient levels
    e. Plasma membranes
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7
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A
  • A non-solid membrane structure to let components free to move laterally and are constantly changing
  • Phospholipid bilayer
    a. Proteins
    b. Lipids
    c. Carbohydrates
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8
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins in the cell membrane?

A
  • Structural support
  • Transport molecules across the membrane
  • Enzyme regulators to control chemical reactions
  • Receptors for hormones and other regulatory substances
  • Surface antigens
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9
Q

What is the difference between Gram-negative and Gram-positive?

A
  • Gram-positive:
    a. Thick peptidoglycan layer
    b. Has teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid
    c. Stains purple under microscope
  • Gram-negative:
    a. Thin peptidoglycan layer
    b. Outer membrane provides more cover and is anchored to lipoprotein molecules
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10
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

flow of genetic material
-DNA-RNA–Protein

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11
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis?

A
  • Transcription:
    a. Starts in the nucleus, cytoplasm for prokaryotes
    b. Controlled by RNA polymerase
    c. mRNA starts with the promoter
    d. mRNA is produced by complementary bases to existing strand separated by RNA polymerase
    e. Ends with terminator sequence
  • Translation
    a. Occurs in a ribosome
    c. Every three bases on mRNA are a codon
    d. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid
    e. tRNA- cloverleaf structure carries anticodons on one end while having the complementary amino acid on another end.
    f. Codon on mRNA bonds to anticodon on tRNA
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12
Q

What are the basic shapes of bacteria?

A

a. Cocci- spherical or nearly spherical
b. Bacilli- rod-shaped
c. Pleomorphic- variable or morphologically indistinct
d. vibrios- curved or comma-shaped rods
e. Spirillum-thick, rigid, spiral organisms
f. Spirochetes- thin, flexible spirals

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13
Q

What is the process of binary fission?

A

a. DNA replicates
b. Chromosome division and concave in the middle
c. Budding completed cross wall
d. Cytokinesis occurs and two daughter cells are made

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14
Q

What are the steps in population growth curve for bacteria?

A
  • Lag phase:
    a. Bacteria adapt to medium before cell division
  • Logarithmic or exponential growth
    a. Rate of growth increases, each cell divides by binary fission
  • Stationary phase:
    a. Occurs when essential nutrients are depleted, or byproducts of metabolism accumulate
  • Death phase:
    a. When the growth stops, and the number of dead cells is larger than the number of viable cells
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15
Q

How do temperatures and atmospheric conditions have an impact on bacterial growth?

A
  • Mesophiles
    a. Optimal growth in moderate temperatures 25-40C
    b. Soil, human body, animals
  • Thermophiles
    a. Heat-loving 45C and higher
    b. Hot springs, haystacks, composts
  • Psychrophiles
    a. Cold-loving, 0C or lower, optimal growth 15C
    b. Artic and Antarctic
  • Psychrotrophs
    a. Grow very slowly, optimal growth of 25C to 30C
    b. Can cause food spoilage in refrigerators
  • Obligate aerobes
    a. Grow only in the presence of oxygen
    b. Energy through aerobic respiration
  • Obligate anaerobes
    a. Grows only in the absence of oxygen
    b. Killed by the presence of oxygen
  • Aerotolerant anaerobes
    a. Can grow in the presence of oxygen but cannot use oxygen for energy, but only fermentation
  • Facultative anaerobes
    a. Grow either in the absence or presence of oxygen
  • Microaerophiles
    a. Require low concentration of oxygen
  • Capneic bacteria
    a. Requires more carbon dioxide
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16
Q

What are the general structures of viruses?

A
  • Contains DNA or RNA
  • Need host cell to reproduce
  • Infect both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
17
Q

What are the steps in multiplication of bacteriophages?

A

a. Adsorption- phage finds susceptible host and attach to bacterial cell wall
b. Penetration- page injects nucleic acid into bacterium
c. Replication-bacterial metabolism shifts to gene expression of the viral nucleic acid, results in production of viral components.
d. Assembly- phage DNA directs synthesis of viral components by the host cell
e. Maturation-viral components are assembled into virions
f. Release- newly formed phages are released into the environment

18
Q

What are the steps in multiplication of animal viruses?

A

a. Adsorption-attachment of the virus to host
b. Penetration-virus enters the cytoplasm of host cell, endocytosis
c. Uncoating-the viral nucleic acid is released, virus in enclosed in a vacuole, enzymes within these will dissolve the envelope and capsid
d. Replication-DNA viruses enter the nucleus and are transcribed into mRNA, then translated into viral proteins, then aid in replication of viral DNA
e. Assembly- mature virus particles are constructed from a growing quantity
f. Release- budding/exocytosis or lysis

19
Q

What are the different ways viruses multiplication can damage host cells?

A

a. Morphological effects/cytopathic- altered shape, detachment from tissue surface, lysis, membrane fusion, altered membrane permeability, inclusion bodies, cell death
b. Physiological effects- addition of viral proteins into plasma membrane, altered cellular activities
c. Biochemical effects- inhibition or alteration of hosts cells macromolecules
d. Genotoxic effects- genotoxic substances can damage host cells DNA, mutations

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