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Year One Comp > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathology?

A

The essential nature of diseases and their effects/changes in organs and tissues.

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2
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The mechanism of dysfunction in diseases.

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3
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

How a disease develops.

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4
Q

What areas of the body does epithelial tissue cover?

A

Skin, lines GI, respiratory, GU tract, secretory portions of glands and ducts, and internal closed cavities including blood vessels.

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5
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Physical protection, absorption (villi), filtration (cilia), secretion, permeability, regeneration.

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6
Q

What are the shapes of epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous (thin/flat), cuboidal (cube), and columnar (column).

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7
Q

What are the layers of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple, stratified, and pseudostratified.

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8
Q

What does connective tissue include?

A

Tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood and lymph.

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9
Q

What is Marfan Syndrome?

A

A genetic disorder affecting connective tissue and the ability to synthesize proteins, leading to symptoms like tall and slender build, aortic aneurysm, and more.

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10
Q

What are the types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal (striated, voluntary)
  • Cardiac (short, branched, striated, involuntary)
  • Smooth (not striated, involuntary)
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11
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

A theory that explains muscle contraction based on the interaction between actin and myosin filaments.

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12
Q

What causes atrophy?

A

Disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia or decreased blood flow.

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13
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its cells.

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14
Q

What are the signs of inflammation at the site?

A
  • Rubor (redness)
  • Tumor (swelling)
  • Calor (heat)
  • Dolor (pain)
  • Functio lasea (loss of function).
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15
Q

What are the systemic signs of inflammation?

A

Fever, elevation in WBCs (leukocytosis).

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16
Q

What are the phases of inflammation?

A

Vascular phase and cellular response.

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17
Q

What are the phases of wound healing?

A

Inflammation (1), proliferation and migration (2), remodeling and maturation (3).

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18
Q

What does fibronectin do in wound healing?

A

Provides structural support, stabilizes fibrin, and attracts fibroblasts and macrophages to the healing tissue.

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19
Q

What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity?

A
  • Innate is non-specific and the first response to a pathogen.
  • Acquired is mediated through memory cells and antibodies and is specific to the antigen/pathogen.
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20
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Recognize free floating pathogens.

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21
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Seek out and destroy hidden pathogens.

22
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

23
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

24
Q

What is the normal RBC lifespan?

A

120 days.

25
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

Carries 95% of O2 in the body, each molecule binds 4 molecules of O2.

26
Q

What is iron-deficient anemia?

A

Anemia due to dietary or circumstantial reasons for low iron, such as pregnancy, bleeding, GI issues. Microcytic and hypochromic.

27
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

A

Anemia due to B12 deficiency, often associated with alcohol or Crohn’s disease.

28
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Anemia due to excessive and premature destruction of RBCs, including sickle cell and thalassemia.

29
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

Too many platelets, too much clotting.

30
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Too few platelets, at risk of bleeding.

31
Q

What are the layers of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

32
Q

What is GERD?

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, caused by decreased pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to reflux of gastric acid.

33
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

Inflammation of the appendix, presenting as right lower quadrant pain.

34
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the small intestine and ascending colon, with skip lesions and a cobblestone appearance.

35
Q

What is ulcerative colitis?

A

A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the rectum and descending colon, with continuous lesions and pseudopolyps.

36
Q

What organs are associated with primary visceral pain patterns?

A

Stomach/duodenum, liver/gallbladder, small intestine, appendix, esophagus, pancreas, colon.

37
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Receives 25% of resting cardiac output, and produces bile.

38
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

A byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown, excreted in urine and feces, giving them their color.

39
Q

What are the symptoms of liver disease?

A

Jaundice, palmar erythema, spider angiomas, right upper quadrant pain.

40
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for liver function?

A

ALT, AST, ALP, GGT.

41
Q

What are the stages of hepatitis?

A

Incubation, prodromal, icteric, recovery.

42
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

Inflammation of the pancreas due to a buildup of enzymes, causing autodigestion.

43
Q

What is pituitary dwarfism?

A

A condition characterized by short stature, underdeveloped nasal bridge, and delayed dentition.

44
Q

What is gigantism?

A

A condition characterized by high levels of IG-F1 and excessive growth before long bones fuse.

45
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

A condition characterized by excessive growth after long bones fuse, leading to thickening of tissues and bitemporal hemianopia.

46
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

A condition characterized by insufficient ADH function, leading to dehydration and frequent urination.

47
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, leading to hyponatremia.

48
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticoids.

49
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Primary adrenal insufficiency due to auto-immune issues, characterized by low levels of aldosterone and cortisol.

50
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

A condition characterized by excessive adrenal secretions leading to hypertension, hyperglycemia, and osteoporosis.

Year One Comp (11 decks)

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