Pathophysiology

Question 1

What is pathology?

Answer 1

The essential nature of diseases and their effects/changes in organs and tissues.

Question 2

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 2

The mechanism of dysfunction in diseases.

Question 3

What is pathogenesis?

Answer 3

How a disease develops.

Question 4

What areas of the body does epithelial tissue cover?

Answer 4

Skin, lines GI, respiratory, GU tract, secretory portions of glands and ducts, and internal closed cavities including blood vessels.

Question 5

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Answer 5

Physical protection, absorption (villi), filtration (cilia), secretion, permeability, regeneration.

Question 6

What are the shapes of epithelial tissue?

Answer 6

Squamous (thin/flat), cuboidal (cube), and columnar (column).

Question 7

What are the layers of epithelial tissue?

Answer 7

Simple, stratified, and pseudostratified.

Question 8

What does connective tissue include?

Answer 8

Tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood and lymph.

Question 9

What is Marfan Syndrome?

Answer 9

A genetic disorder affecting connective tissue and the ability to synthesize proteins, leading to symptoms like tall and slender build, aortic aneurysm, and more.

Question 10

What are the types of muscle?

Answer 10

• Skeletal (striated, voluntary)
• Cardiac (short, branched, striated, involuntary)
• Smooth (not striated, involuntary)

Question 11

What is the sliding filament theory?

Answer 11

A theory that explains muscle contraction based on the interaction between actin and myosin filaments.

Question 12

What causes atrophy?

Answer 12

Disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia or decreased blood flow.

Question 13

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 13

An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its cells.

Question 14

What are the signs of inflammation at the site?

Answer 14

• Rubor (redness)
• Tumor (swelling)
• Calor (heat)
• Dolor (pain)
• Functio lasea (loss of function).

Question 15

What are the systemic signs of inflammation?

Answer 15

Fever, elevation in WBCs (leukocytosis).

Question 16

What are the phases of inflammation?

Answer 16

Vascular phase and cellular response.

Question 17

What are the phases of wound healing?

Answer 17

Inflammation (1), proliferation and migration (2), remodeling and maturation (3).

Question 18

What does fibronectin do in wound healing?

Answer 18

Provides structural support, stabilizes fibrin, and attracts fibroblasts and macrophages to the healing tissue.

Question 19

What is the difference between innate and acquired immunity?

Answer 19

• Innate is non-specific and the first response to a pathogen.
• Acquired is mediated through memory cells and antibodies and is specific to the antigen/pathogen.

Question 20

What do B cells do?

Answer 20

Recognize free floating pathogens.

Question 21

What do T cells do?

Answer 21

Seek out and destroy hidden pathogens.

Question 22

What percentage of blood is plasma?

Answer 22

55%

Question 23

What is hematocrit?

Answer 23

The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.

Question 24

What is the normal RBC lifespan?

Answer 24

120 days.

Question 25

What does hemoglobin do?

Answer 25

Carries 95% of O2 in the body, each molecule binds 4 molecules of O2.

Question 26

What is iron-deficient anemia?

Answer 26

Anemia due to dietary or circumstantial reasons for low iron, such as pregnancy, bleeding, GI issues. Microcytic and hypochromic.

Question 27

What is megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 27

Anemia due to B12 deficiency, often associated with alcohol or Crohn's disease.

Question 28

What is hemolytic anemia?

Answer 28

Anemia due to excessive and premature destruction of RBCs, including sickle cell and thalassemia.

Question 29

What is thrombocytosis?

Answer 29

Too many platelets, too much clotting.

Question 30

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 30

Too few platelets, at risk of bleeding.

Question 31

What are the layers of the gastrointestinal tract?

Answer 31

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

Question 32

What is GERD?

Answer 32

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, caused by decreased pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, leading to reflux of gastric acid.

Question 33

What is appendicitis?

Answer 33

Inflammation of the appendix, presenting as right lower quadrant pain.

Question 34

What is Crohn's disease?

Answer 34

A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the **small intestine** and ascending colon, with skip lesions and a cobblestone appearance.

Question 35

What is ulcerative colitis?

Answer 35

A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the rectum and descending colon, with continuous lesions and pseudopolyps.

Question 36

What organs are associated with primary visceral pain patterns?

Answer 36

Stomach/duodenum, liver/gallbladder, small intestine, appendix, esophagus, pancreas, colon.

Question 37

What does the liver do?

Answer 37

Receives 25% of resting cardiac output, and produces bile.

Question 38

What is bilirubin?

Answer 38

A byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown, excreted in urine and feces, giving them their color.

Question 39

What are the symptoms of liver disease?

Answer 39

Jaundice, palmar erythema, spider angiomas, right upper quadrant pain.

Question 40

What are the diagnostic tests for liver function?

Answer 40

ALT, AST, ALP, GGT.

Question 41

What are the stages of hepatitis?

Answer 41

Incubation, prodromal, icteric, recovery.

Question 42

What is pancreatitis?

Answer 42

Inflammation of the pancreas due to a buildup of enzymes, causing autodigestion.

Question 43

What is pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 43

A condition characterized by short stature, underdeveloped nasal bridge, and delayed dentition.

Question 44

What is gigantism?

Answer 44

A condition characterized by high levels of IG-F1 and excessive growth before long bones fuse.

Question 45

What is acromegaly?

Answer 45

A condition characterized by excessive growth after long bones fuse, leading to thickening of tissues and bitemporal hemianopia.

Question 46

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 46

A condition characterized by insufficient **ADH** function, leading to dehydration and frequent urination.

Question 47

What is SIADH?

Answer 47

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, leading to hyponatremia.

Question 48

What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands?

Answer 48

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticoids.

Question 49

What is Addison's disease?

Answer 49

Primary adrenal insufficiency due to auto-immune issues, characterized by low levels of **aldosterone** and **cortisol**.

Question 50

What is Cushing's disease?

Answer 50

A condition characterized by excessive adrenal secretions leading to hypertension, hyperglycemia, and osteoporosis.