Pathophysiology Flashcards
Define Pathophysiology. What is it and why is it important?
It is the study of the disease of living beings
-it shows what happens when normal anatomy and physiology go wrong
It is important because it is the why that unlocks all mysteries of the human body & the response medical and nursing interventions (provides insight on side effects, why patients look the way they do
Define Remissions
- is when clinical manifestations subside (they become less intense/ go down)
Ex: can see with heart failure or cancer
Clinical Manifestations
- effects or evidence of a disease
signs or what can be “seen or Heard” :Objective measures
What a patient “says” : Subjective feeling
Ex: a temp of 101 (can be measured)
a rash ( can see that)
a heart murmur (can hear that)
someone tells you that they have a fever or are in pain
Treatment
is going to help control or cure a disease
Etiology
nosocomal
idiopathic
iatrogenic
- cause of a disease
- a hospital-acquired cause
- an unknown cause
-cause results from unintended or unwanted adverse effects of medical treatment
Sequela
is an unwanted outcome of having a disease/ a disease that can cause something else
Ex: someone that had a stroke( acute) the sequela of a stroke could be paralysis which is a long term chronic condition
Stress
- can negatively affect our body’s homeostasis or well- being
can contribute to the the development of disease & the exacerbation of disease and negative behavior s
Allostatsis
short- term adaptation/ stability through change
Ex: you’re put in a difficult situation & your body will go through physiological changes due to this heightened stress situation & your body will secrete hormones
Adaptation
there is an overactivation of adaptive regulatory systems (autonomic, immune, neural, &endocrine)
short- term: our bodies will adapt to the stress by decreasing & bringing the body back to homeostasis
chronic- long term dysfunction & compromise your health which can cause us to go into allostatic load
general adaptation syndrome
systemic manifestations to help the body cope with stress
alarm stage/ fight or flight
- ur HPA (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal) is triggered & activated SNS (sympathetic nervous system
response: epinephrine and norepinephrine & cortisol are released
Risk factors
tendencies that put an individual at risk for developing certain diseases
Ex: dietary imbalances; identifying the risk factors can be important by looking at certain populations that may be at risk & putting preventive measures so that over time they don’t develop the disease
precipitating factor
a condition or event that cause a pathologic event or disorder to occur
Ex: someone has asthma & they r exposed to an allergen & r allergic to that allergy can do is precipitate an asthma attack
iatrogenic
cause results from unintended or unwanted adverse effects of medical treatment
Ex: someone getting chemo treatment and they need the chemotherapy b/c of the cancer but the chemo (unwanted effects) can lower WBC; which can cause us to be more susceptible to infection
exacerbation
the clinical manifestations increase or become worse
Ex: patients w/ heart failure
complications
New problems that arise b/c of the disease (chronic condition)
Ex: type 2 diabetes, a complication of it is renal failure
Localized reaction
they originate & are confined to 1 area/organ/ part of the body
Ex: someone w/ a small rash on the upper part of their body
systemic reaction
affect a # of organs or tissue or can affect the whole body
Ex: sepsis or anaphylaxis
Pathogenesis (2)
is how a disease develop
Ex: acute/ resolve ( self- limiting ) short term sudden appearance of signs and symptoms <2 weeks
Ex: strep throat or cold
chronic/ don’t resolve: cause cause irreversible or reversible changes & damages >2 weeks
Ex: diabetes or HTN
etiologic disease classification ( Iron deficiency anemia, fungal infection, degenerative arthritis, fever of unknown origin)
iron deficiency anemia - caused from a nutritional lack of iron (intrinsic- nutritional )
fungal infection- a fungus is outside & alive (animate extrinsic )
degenerative arthritis- inside the body cause of disease (intrinsic)
fever of unknown origin- (idiopathic) we may think this is how it happens , but we may not know the real cause of the disease
Dr. Hans Selye
first to describe bodily changes associated with stress
(GAS)- the body responds to a stressor w/ a series of nonspecific events
