Pathophysiology Flashcards
Define Pathophysiology. What is it and why is it important?
It is the study of the disease of living beings
-it shows what happens when normal anatomy and physiology go wrong
It is important because it is the why that unlocks all mysteries of the human body & the response medical and nursing interventions (provides insight on side effects, why patients look the way they do
Define Remissions
- is when clinical manifestations subside (they become less intense/ go down)
Ex: can see with heart failure or cancer
Clinical Manifestations
- effects or evidence of a disease
signs or what can be “seen or Heard” :Objective measures
What a patient “says” : Subjective feeling
Ex: a temp of 101 (can be measured)
a rash ( can see that)
a heart murmur (can hear that)
someone tells you that they have a fever or are in pain
Treatment
is going to help control or cure a disease
Etiology
nosocomal
idiopathic
iatrogenic
- cause of a disease
- a hospital-acquired cause
- an unknown cause
-cause results from unintended or unwanted adverse effects of medical treatment
Sequela
is an unwanted outcome of having a disease/ a disease that can cause something else
Ex: someone that had a stroke( acute) the sequela of a stroke could be paralysis which is a long term chronic condition
Stress
- can negatively affect our body’s homeostasis or well- being
can contribute to the the development of disease & the exacerbation of disease and negative behavior s
Allostatsis
short- term adaptation/ stability through change
Ex: you’re put in a difficult situation & your body will go through physiological changes due to this heightened stress situation & your body will secrete hormones
Adaptation
there is an overactivation of adaptive regulatory systems (autonomic, immune, neural, &endocrine)
short- term: our bodies will adapt to the stress by decreasing & bringing the body back to homeostasis
chronic- long term dysfunction & compromise your health which can cause us to go into allostatic load
general adaptation syndrome
systemic manifestations to help the body cope with stress
alarm stage/ fight or flight
- ur HPA (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal) is triggered & activated SNS (sympathetic nervous system
response: epinephrine and norepinephrine & cortisol are released
Risk factors
tendencies that put an individual at risk for developing certain diseases
Ex: dietary imbalances; identifying the risk factors can be important by looking at certain populations that may be at risk & putting preventive measures so that over time they don’t develop the disease
precipitating factor
a condition or event that cause a pathologic event or disorder to occur
Ex: someone has asthma & they r exposed to an allergen & r allergic to that allergy can do is precipitate an asthma attack
iatrogenic
cause results from unintended or unwanted adverse effects of medical treatment
Ex: someone getting chemo treatment and they need the chemotherapy b/c of the cancer but the chemo (unwanted effects) can lower WBC; which can cause us to be more susceptible to infection
exacerbation
the clinical manifestations increase or become worse
Ex: patients w/ heart failure
complications
New problems that arise b/c of the disease (chronic condition)
Ex: type 2 diabetes, a complication of it is renal failure
Localized reaction
they originate & are confined to 1 area/organ/ part of the body
Ex: someone w/ a small rash on the upper part of their body
systemic reaction
affect a # of organs or tissue or can affect the whole body
Ex: sepsis or anaphylaxis
Pathogenesis (2)
is how a disease develop
Ex: acute/ resolve ( self- limiting ) short term sudden appearance of signs and symptoms <2 weeks
Ex: strep throat or cold
chronic/ don’t resolve: cause cause irreversible or reversible changes & damages >2 weeks
Ex: diabetes or HTN
etiologic disease classification ( Iron deficiency anemia, fungal infection, degenerative arthritis, fever of unknown origin)
iron deficiency anemia - caused from a nutritional lack of iron (intrinsic- nutritional )
fungal infection- a fungus is outside & alive (animate extrinsic )
degenerative arthritis- inside the body cause of disease (intrinsic)
fever of unknown origin- (idiopathic) we may think this is how it happens , but we may not know the real cause of the disease
Dr. Hans Selye
first to describe bodily changes associated with stress
(GAS)- the body responds to a stressor w/ a series of nonspecific events
Walter cannon
discovered the fight or flight reaction (1900s) physiologic reactions to sress
increased heart rate
increased blood supply to muscle
increased respirations
pupils will dilate, gastric secretions will stop
individualized influences on stress response (5)
Age , Gender, Biological cycles , culture, personality characteristics
Atrophy
decrease in cellular size
Ex: taking a cast off their arm and it gets smaller b/c they haven’t used it in a while
hypertrophy
increase in cellular size
Ex: biceps get larger and become hypertrophy/ heart failure increases demand on heart
hyperplasia
increase number of cells
metaplasia
replacement of 1 cell type with another
dysplasia
deranged cellular growth > of the same cell but disorganized
Apoptosis
eliminating unwanted cells
Necrosis
premature death of cells living in tissue
cellular adaptation
is the body response to physiologic / normal condition or pathologic disease state
ischemia
inadequate blood flow
occurs when cells have been deprived of oxygen & then receive oxygen
catecholamines
can be released during stress (epi & noreppi):
-increase blood flow
-increase glucose metabolism in the brain
increase rate & force of contraction of the heart
-have peripheral vasoconstriction in cardiovascular system
-have bronchodilator In the pulmonary system
increases proclamatory cytokine production
cell injury
if the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis
hypoxic injury
is the most common cause of cellular injury
reduced amount of oxygen in the air
loss of hemoglobin (RBC transports oxygen)
arteriosclerosis
narrowing of arteries
thrombosis
complete blockage by blood clots
unintentional and intentional injuries (3 examples)
blunt force: injury resulting from impact w/ object
Ex: hammers, baseball bat, fists
sharp force: occurs when a sharp-edged or pointed object comes into contact w/ the skin or underlying tissues
Ex: stab wounds, incised wounds, chop wounds
gunshot wounds: when a bullet is projectile/ shot into or through the body
asphyxial injuries
caused when the failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
Causes choking , hanging , drowning
infectious injury
is the ability of bacteria & viruses to produce toxins to damage the cell walls and agin entry
endogenous
abnormal metabolism & synthesis
exogenous
infectious agents or minerals
necrosis
if cell injury continues, the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis
coagulative necrosis
results: from interruption of blood flow
causes: ischemia, protein denaturation
location: kidney, heart, adrenal glands
liquefactive necrosis
occurs from ischemia
location : the brain
if it comes from a bacterial infection, its likely e coli, streptococci, straphylocci
caseous necrosis
occurs from TB pulmonary infection
dead cells disintegrate but r not completely digested/ looks like cottage cheese
location: lungs
fat necrosis
occurs when lipase enzymes break down triglycerides and they get broken down into free fatty acids
looks: bubbly/ chaky
location: breast & pancreas
gangrenous necrosis
impaired blood flow and bacterial invasion
occurs when bacteria presence is minimal & the skin has a dry dark brown/black appearance
wet gangrenous occurs with liquefactive necrosis
algor mortis
the body temps falls to 1-1.5 degrees per hour until after 24 hrs
reaction: skin becomes pale, cheeks will remain red
livor mortis
purplish discoloration in the most dependent areas
rigor mortis
the muscle stiffen
begins 6 hrs in the small muscles
12-14hrs it’ll began to diminish and the body becomes soft (flaccid)
cortisol
its secreted during stress
location : tissue
stimulates gluconeogenesis
elevates: diabetes, obesity , HTN
HPA axis
hypothalamus
- is the control center of our brain and body
- it realizes corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH)
pituitary gland
- releases adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
adrenals secrete
-release cortisol & catecholamines
