Fluid Flashcards
What is albumin?
It pulls the fluid back in . Its located in the liver.
Define osmotic pressure
its the pulling pressure; helps with filtration
Define oncotic pressure
pulling pressure of plasma proteins; helps with reabsorption
define hydrostatic pressure
pushing pressure against cell membranes
What is osmosis?
the movement of water from area of low t high concentration
What is extracellular?
The fluid outside of the cells
What is the process of RAAS
the goal is to get from low to high blood pressure
What is the process of Natriuretic peptides
the goal is to get from high to low blood pressure
What is ADH (anti- diuretic hormone)
ADH is the water hormone, causes the kidneys to reabsorb water
What is Aldosterone
it is the salt water hormone , causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium & water
What is the causes of edema
- increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- decreased plasma oncotic pressure
- increased capillary permeability
define diffusion
the movement of molecules going from high to low concentration
What is hypertonic?
Hypertonic is when the cells shrink, they move inside to outside; higher concentration outside outside the cells
What is isotonic
there is a balance of sodium and water exchange
what is hypotonic
is when the cells burst/ swell, the water moves inside the cells bc of high sodium concentration . outside to inside
Fluid imbalances: volume Excess (causes)
- excessive water or sodium intake
(high sodium diet, free water/drinking too much water, psychogenic polydipsia -makes you thirsty, hypertonic fluid administration- too much sodium) - inadequate sodium or water/ not enough or you’re not eliminating it
(renal failure, heart failure, liver failure)
hyperaldosterone
CM of volume excess
- localized/generalized edema
- polyuria (excessive urination)
- rapid weight gain
- tachycardia
-dyspnea (unable to breathe)
-JVD (swollen julgara vein) deals with heat failure
Fluid imbalances: volume deficit
- inadequate fluid intake
(inadequate IV fluid replacement, inability to swallow) - excessive fluid or sodium losses
(GI losses- vomiting diarrhea)
hemorrhage- excessive bleeding
diabetes insipidus - happens when the body doesn’t make enough ADH/ kidneys don’t work properly
diabetes mellitus - when you have glucose inside urine
excessive diaphoresis
CM of volume deficit
- tachycardia
- dry mucous membranes
- decrease skin turgor
- oliguria (low urination)
- weight loss
-thirst
major electrolytes: sodium/ Na
range, role, etiology, cms
hypernatremia
hyponatremia
range: 136- 145 mEq/L
Role: Regulates osmotic forces and water balances
Hyponatremia: less than 136
-sodium deficits cause plasma hypoosmolality
cm: lethargy, seizures, coma, decreased reflexes
etiology: inadequate intake of sodium/loss
hypernatremia: more than 145
- sodium overload causes plasma hyperosmolality
cm: thirst, weight loss, muscle twitching
etiology: loss of water/inadequate intake
major electrolytes: potassium / K
range, role, etiology, cms
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
range: 3.5- 5 mEq/L
role: major intracellular electrolyte/ 98% inside the cell
hypokalemia: less than 3.5
- transmission and conduction or nerve impulses
etiology: insulin overuse, increased entry of K+ into cell
cms: flat T wave, prominent U wave, EKG= prolonged PR interval , neuromuscular excitability decreases (longer popularization)
hyperkalemia: more than 5
etiology: insulin deficiency , k+ leaves the cells into blood
cms: tall, peaked, T waves on EKG, restlessness, tingling of lips and fingers
major electrolytes: calcium Ca
range, role, etiology, cms
hypocalcemia
hypercalcemia
range: 9- 10.5 mg/dl
role: 99% of calcium is located in the teeth and bones/ regulated by Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin
hypocalcemia: less than 9
etiology: vitamin D deficiency, inadequate intestinal absorption
cms: spasms, cramps, tetany( overstimulated muscle contractions), chyostek sign
hypercalcemia: more than 10.5
etiology: vitamin D overdose, some cancers (tumors kill osteoblasts- build bones)
cms: bone pain, weakness, bradycardia , osteoporosis (reduce mass, makes bone weak)
major electrolytes: Magnesium Mg
range, role, etiology, cms
hypophosphatemmia
hyperphosphatemia
range: 3- 4.5mg/dl
role: provides energy for muscle contraction, inverse of calcium
hyperphosphatemia: more than 4.5
etiology: acute or chronic renal failure, long-term use of laxatives, chemotherapy
cms: tetany, seizures, muscle cramps
hypophosphatemia: less than 3mg/dl
etiology: alcohol abuse, aluminum antacids
cms: muscle weakness, numbness, convulsions
major electrolytes: Phosphorous (PO4-)
range: 1.3- 2.1 mEq/L
role: largely store in bone , most abundant intracellular cation, increases neuromuscular excitability
hypermagnesemia: more than 2.1
etiology: milk of magnesia abuse, renal disease
cms: bradycardia, respiratory distress, excess nerve function
hypomagnesemia: less than 1.3
etiology: malnutrition, alcohol abuse
cms: tachycardia, muscle cramps, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
define electrolyte
electrically charged anions and cations / account for 95% of solutes in body fluids
ECG changes w/ potassium changes
- normokalmeia
normal PR interval , normal size t wave , u wave shallow if present
ECG changes w/ potassium changes
-hypokalemia
slightly prolonged PR interval, ST depression, prominent u wave, shallow, slightly peaked p wave
ECG changes w/ potassium changes
-hyperkalemia
decreed r wave , wide/flat, widened QRS, tall peaked wave, depressed ST segment
