Pathophysiologie Flashcards

1
Q

Menopause, Hormons spiegel is ? Average age at onset is ____ ?

A

Hormonal changes: > FSH,  > LH (no surge), > GnRH.

 estrogen production due to age-linked declinein number of ovarian follicles. Average age at onset is 51 years (earlier in smokers).

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2
Q

Menopause, how to be sure ?

A

Wenig ostrogen.

sehr hohe FSH is specific for menopause (loss of negative feedback on FSH due to  wenig estrogen).

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3
Q

Tonic-clonic seizures, first line therapy?

A

valproate. ( Phenytoin, carbamazepine )

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4
Q

Ig_ nephropathy (______ disease) type of nephritic syndrome

LM—mesangial proliferation.
EM—mesangial IC deposits.
IF—IgA-based IC deposits in _______.
Seen with _______-_____ purpura HSP.

A

IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)

LM—mesangial proliferation.
EM—mesangial IC deposits.
IF—IgA-based IC deposits in mesangium.
Seen with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (systemic form).

LM = light microscopy; EM = electron microscopy; IF = immunofluorescence.

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5
Q

ADH from ?

A

Posterior pituitary

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6
Q

Glitazone such Pioglitazone , Rosiglitazone

NW ?

A

Hepatotoxisch

Weight gain, edema.
Hepatotoxicity, heart failure.

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7
Q

Haloperidol (blocking dopamine)

Epinephrine interaction ?

A

Epinephrine
In patients who develop hypotension, do not administer epinephrine because haloperidol may block the vasopressor activity of epinephrine, paradoxically lowering BP.

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8
Q

Vascular _____ Endothel proliferation

_________ hemi_____
Benign capillary hemangioma of infancy. Appears in ____ few weeks of life (1/200 births); grows ______ and regresses spontaneously at __–8 years old.

A

Vascular tumors
Strawberry hemangioma
Benign capillary hemangioma of infancy. Appears in first few weeks of life (1/200 births); grows rapidly and regresses spontaneously at 5–8 years old.

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9
Q

Hand moves and form cup , which muscle ?

A

opponens pollicis muscle

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10
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis tests ?

A

RF , anti-CCP , erythr. sedimentation rate (ESR) , CRP

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11
Q

Osteoporosis , 3 ?

A

Corticosteroids, heparin, phenytoin (barbiturates)

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12
Q

Photosensitivity are ?

SAT For Photo

A

Sulfonamides, Amiodarone, Tetracyclines, 5-FU

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13
Q

Gingival hyperplasia drugs are ?

A

Phenytoin, Ca2+ channel blockers, cyclosporine

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14
Q

persistiernde Ductus arteriosus, treatment ?

A

prostaglandin-synthasehemmer Indometacin oder ibuprofen

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15
Q

______ ductus arteriosus (P_A)
A PDA _____ a portion of the _______ blood from the ____ heart to flow ____ to the lungs by flowing ____ the ____ (which has higher pressure) to the _______ ______.

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
A PDA allows a portion of the oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs by flowing from the aorta (which has higher pressure) to the pulmonary artery.

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16
Q

A PDA can be ______ an identifiable cause, or secondary to another condition. Some common contributing factors in humans include:
___-___ birth
Congenital _____ syndrome (_____embryofetopathie)
Chromosomal _______ such as ______ syndrome

A

A PDA can be without an identifiable cause, or secondary to another condition. Some common contributing factors in humans include:
Pre-term birth
Congenital rubella syndrome (Rötelnembryofetopathie)
Chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome

17
Q

Because prostaglandin __ is responsible for _____ the ductus ____, _SAIDS (inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis) such as _______ or a _____ form of _____ have been used to help close a PDA. This is an especially viable alternative for premature infants.

A

Because prostaglandin E2 is responsible for keeping the ductus patent, NSAIDS (inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis) such as indomethacin or a special form of ibuprofen have been used to help close a PDA. This is an especially viable alternative for premature infants.

18
Q

Migräne - _________ auftretenden, ________ lokalisierten Kopfschmerz, welcher ______ mit Übelkeit, ________, Phono- und _________ einhergeht , oft _______-Phänomenen.

A

Migräne - rezidivierend auftretenden, einseitig lokalisierten Kopfschmerz, welcher oftmals mit Übelkeit, Erbrechen, Phono- und Photophobie einhergeht , oft Aura-Phänomenen.

19
Q

akuten Migränekopfschmerz
bei ____ Attacken NSAID (z.B. ____),
bei _____ Attacken Triptane (_______);
zusätzlich sollte bei jeder Attacke ein Mittel gegen die Übelkeit gegeben werden (z.B. _________).
Treten Attacken _____ als ______ im Monat auf oder halten länger als __ Stunden an (____ migränosus), ist ________ Betablocker (_______) sinnvoll.

A

akuten Migränekopfschmerz
bei leichten Attacken NSAID (z.B. ASS),
bei schweren Attacken Triptane;
zusätzlich sollte bei jeder Attacke ein Mittel gegen die Übelkeit gegeben werden (z.B. Metoclopramid).
Treten Attacken häufiger als dreimal im Monat auf oder halten länger als 72 Stunden an (Status migränosus), ist prophylaktisch Betablockern (Metoprolol) sinnvoll.

20
Q

Prophylaxe Migräne _________
Indikationen: >__ Attacken/ Monat, Migräneattacke >__h oder _____ anhaltende Aura-Phänomene
Mittel der 1. Wahl
____-Blocker (z.B. _______, Propranolol, Bisoprolol)
______ Antikonvulsivum
Topiramat
_______ (ca-kanalblocker)

A

Prophylaxe Migräne Medikamentös
Indikationen: >3 Attacken/ Monat, Migräneattacke >72h oder lang anhaltende Aura-Phänomene
Mittel der 1. Wahl
Beta-Blocker (z.B. Metoprolol, Propranolol, Bisoprolol)
Valproat
Topiramat (Antikonv. über eine Erhöhung der GABA-Aktivität)
Flunarizin (ca-kanal)blocker

21
Q

Der Cluster-Kopfschmerz beschreibt einen _________ auftretenden, ______ ___seitigen Kopfschmerz von __ hoher Schmerzintensität.
Akuttherapie
___% Sauerstoffgabe (z.B. _l/min über 15 Minuten)
______ (z.B.: ______ oder Zolmitriptan)
Prophylaxe
Mittel der _. Wahl: ______ (zur Überb. _____)
Mittel der 2. Wahl: _______

A

Der Cluster-Kopfschmerz beschreibt einen unvermittelt auftretenden, streng einseitigen Kopfschmerz von sehr hoher Schmerzintensität.
Akuttherapie
100% Sauerstoffgabe (z.B. 8l/min über 15 Minuten)
Triptane (z.B.: Sumatriptan oder Zolmitriptan)
Prophylaxe
Mittel der 1. Wahl: Verapamil (zur Überb. kortikoide)
Mittel der 2. Wahl: Lithium

22
Q

Sowohl übliche Schmerzmittel wie ______ als auch __________ sind bei den meisten Patienten mit Cluster-Kopfschmerzen wirkungs___!

Risikofaktor: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Möglicher \_\_\_\_\_faktor: Al\_\_\_\_
A

Sowohl übliche Schmerzmittel wie NSAR als auch Opioidanalgetika sind bei den meisten Patienten mit Cluster-Kopfschmerzen wirkungslos!

Risikofaktor: Nikotinabusus
Möglicher Triggerfaktor: Alkohol
23
Q

Ethambutol TOXICITY ?

A

TOXICITY Optic neuropathy (red-green color blindness). Pronounce “eyethambutol.”

24
Q

Cystin stone + failur to reabsorp Aminoacid in Kidneys, reason ? Cystinuria is a cause of persistent kidney stones.

A

Transpor protein defect

25
Q

Cystinuria is an autosomal ________ disease, Cystinuria is characterized by the __adequate __absorption of _____ in the _______ convoluted tubules after the filtering of the amino acids by the kidney’s ________, thus resulting in an _______ concentration of this amino acid in the _____.

A

Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disease, Cystinuria is characterized by the inadequate reabsorption of cystine in the proximal convoluted tubules after the filtering of the amino acids by the kidney’s glomeruli, thus resulting in an excessive concentration of this amino acid in the uri