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Amam > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

“Rose gardner disease” treatment ?

A

Itraconazol or potassium-iodid (oral)

“Plant a rose in the pot”

Dimorphic, spores traumatically introduced into the. Skin by a Thorn

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2
Q

Major cause of bloody diarrhea, especially in children. Fecal-oral transmission through foods such as poultry, meat, unpasteurized milk. Comma or S-shaped, oxidase , grows at 42°C ….. What bacterium?

A

Gram neg. Campylobacter jejuni

(“Campylobacter likes the hot campfire”).
Common antecedent to Guillain-Barré syndrome and reactive arthritis.

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3
Q

Green sputum, Rx lobar pneum, gram + cocci that form chains, catalase -, blood agar has type B hemolysis, what it is the microorganism?

A

Group A
S. pyogenes

And they are Bacitracin sensitive VS. Gr. B (s.agalactiae)

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4
Q

β-hemolytic bacteria

Form clear area of hemolysis on blood agar. Include the following organisms?

A

Staphylococcus aureus (catalase and coagulase +)
ƒ Streptococcus pyogenes—group A strep (catalase - and bacitracin sensitive)
ƒ Streptococcus agalactiae—group B strep (catalase -  and bacitracin resistant)
ƒ Listeria monocytogenes (tumbling motility, meningitis in newborns, unpasteurized milk)

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5
Q

Strepto. Pneumonia, which typ of hamolysis?

A

Alpha-typ

α-hemolytic bacteria
Form green ring around colonies on blood agar. Include the following organisms: ƒ Streptococcus pneumoniae (catalase - and optochin sensitive)
ƒ Viridans streptococci (catalase - and optochin resistant)

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6
Q 
Most common cause of:
 ƒ Meningitis
 ƒ Otitis media (in children)
 ƒ Pneumonia
 ƒ Sinusitis
Lancet-shaped, gram-positive diplococci  A.Encapsulated. IgA protease ???
A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

S. pneumoniae MOPS are Most OPtochinSensitive.
Pneumococcus is associated with “rusty” sputum, sepsis in sickle cell anemia and splenectomy.
No virulence without capsule.

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7
Q

Sex. active, yellow discharge of penis, burning sesation, gram (-) cocci inside of neutrophils, what did mediate the attachment?

A

Pilli ( not capsule or flagella)

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8
Q

Gonococci
Treatment?
Typ?

A

Treatment: ceftriaxone + (azithromycinor doxycycline) for possible chlamydia coinfection
Typ: diplococci and gram (-) als unterschied zu N.Meningitidis they dont ferment Maltose (just Gluc.) and thez transmitted sexually.

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9
Q

CD+4 count is 165 , HIV , what schould i start prophylaxis for ?

A

pneumocystis jirovecii - a Opportunistic fungal infections

Start prophylaxis when CD4 count drops

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10
Q

Yeast (originally class. as protozoan). Inhaled. Most infections are asymptomatic. Immunosuppression (e.g., AIDS) predisposes to disease.
Diffuse, bilateral CXR appearance. Diagnosed by lung biopsy or lavage. Disc-shaped yeast forms on methenamine silver stain of lung tissue. What it is ? And how to treat ?

A

Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP)

Treatment/prophylaxis: TMP-SMX, pentamidine.
dapsone (prophylaxis only), atovaquone (prophylaxis only).

Start prophylaxis when CD4 count drops

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11
Q

HIV , CD+4 80 , prophylaxis ?

normal: 500–1500 cells/mm3

A

For Toxoplasmosis gondii when CD+4 is below 100.
And for sure for PCP because it is too below 200 :)

And when it is below 50, then auch for Mycobact. avium-intracell. infection (MAI).

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12
Q

What it is the mech. of Resistance to Rifampin ?

A

Mutated RNA Polymerase

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13
Q

What are the Quadri-treatment of TB ?

A

INH, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, ethambutol

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14
Q

Amikacin, whats the mech. of resistence?

What is it ?

A

mecHaNism oF resistaNce: Plasmid-encoded enzymes that inactivates drug. —–>. Bacterial transferase enzymes inactivate the drug by acetylation, phosphorylation, or adenylation.

Is one of Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin,Tobramycin, Streptomycin.

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15
Q

Aminoglycosides, what drugs are they ?
“Mean” (aminoglycoside) GNATS caNNOTkill anaerobes.
Toxicity, tell me what do you know ?

A

The Drugs are:
Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin,Tobramycin, Streptomycin.

toXicity: coNNOT kill anaerobes
Nephrotoxicity (especially when used with cephalosporins), Neuromuscular blockade,
Ototoxicity (especially when used with loop diuretics).
Teratogen.

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16
Q

“classic triad” ofchorioretinitis, hydrocephalus,
and intracranial calcifications, what is the Disease ?
How to prevent this from happening ?

A

congenital toxoplasmosis by Toxoplasma gondii

traNsmissioN:
Cysts in meat or oocysts in cat feces; crosses placenta
pregnant women should avoid cats

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17
Q

Tetracyclines are ?

A

Tetracycline,
doxycycline,
minocycline.

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18
Q

What is the mech. of Tetracycline ?

A

Bacteriostatic; bind to 30S and prevent attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA; limited CNS penetration.
Doxycycline is fecally eliminated and can be used in patients with renal failure. Do not take withmilk (Ca2+), antacids (Ca2+ or Mg2+), or iron-containing preparations because divalent cations
inhibit its absorption in the gut.

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19
Q

For which bact. we use the Tetracycline ?

A

cliNical Use:
Borrelia burgdorferi, M. pneumoniae.
Drug’s ability to accumulate intracellularly makes it veryeffective against Rickettsia and Chlamydia.
Also used to treat acne.

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20
Q

What are the toxic effects of Tetracycline ?

A

GI distress, discoloration of teeth and inhibition of bone growth in children and also photosensitivity.

Contraindicated in pregnancy.

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21
Q

Drugs of Makrolide ? Mech. ?

A

MAKROLIDE : Azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin.

Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation (“macroslides”); bind to the 23S rRNA of the50S ribosomal subunit. Bacteriostatic.

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22
Q

Protein synthesis inhibitors :
Specifically target smaller bacterial ribosome
(70S, made of 30S and 50S subunits), leavinghuman ribosome (80S) unaffected. What are they ?

A

30S inhibitors
A = Aminoglycosides [bactericidal]
T = Tetracyclines [bacteriostatic]

50S inhibitors
C = Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin [bacteriostatic]E = Erythromycin (macrolides) [bacteriostatic]
L = Linezolid [variable]

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23
Q

“Buy AT 30, CCEL (sell) at 50.”

A

30S inhibitors
A = Aminoglycosides [bactericidal]
T = Tetracyclines [bacteriostatic]

50S inhibitors
C = Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin [bacteriostatic]E = Erythromycin (macrolides) [bacteriostatic]
L = Linezolid [variable]

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24
Q

Rifampin’s 4 R’s, are ?

Rifamycins Rifampin, rifabutin

mecHaNism Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

A 
Rifampin’s 4 R’s :
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Ramps up microsomal cytochrome P-450
Red/orange body fluids
Rapid resistance if used alone
Rifampin ramps up cytochrome P-450, butrifabutin does not
25
Q

MRSA treatment ?

A

MRSA—vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid (can cause serotonin syndrome), tigecycline, ceftaroline.

26
Q

Patient is treated with INF-alpha and Ribavirin, Dx ?

A

chronic hepatitis C (not B or A)

27
Q

Orthomyxoviruses. Enveloped, (-)  ssRNA
viruses with 8-segment genome.

Contain hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (promotes progeny virion release) antigens. Patients at risk for fatal bacterial superinfection. Rapid genetic changes.

A

Inluenza Virus A

28
Q

hemagglutinin, promotes … ?

A

hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry)

29
Q

Gardner , Cigar shape yeast , what fungus ?

A

Non-sepate hyphae, typicall history of sporothrix schenckii

30
Q

Bloody diarrhea, erregrs are ?

A 
Bloody diarrhea
Campylobacter, E. histolytica, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, 
Enteroinvasive E. coli
Salmonella , Shigella
Y. enterocolitica
31
Q 
Down syndrome (trisomy \_\_\_), 1:\_\_\_
(associated with advanced maternal age; from1:1500 in women  \_\_\_ years old).
A 
Down syndrome (trisomy 21), 1:700
(associated with advanced maternal age; from1:1500 in women  45 years old).
32
Q

Drinking age (__).

First-trimester ultrasound commonly shows
(__) nuchal translucency and _______ nasal bone;
serum PAPP-A is (__), free β-hCG is (__).
Second-trimester quad screen shows
(__) α-fetoprotein, (__)β-hCG, (+)_____, (__) _____ A.

A

Drinking age (21).

First-trimester ultrasound commonly shows
(+) nuchal translucency and hypoplastic nasal bone;
serum PAPP-A is (-), free β-hCG is (+).
Second-trimester quad screen shows
(-) α-fetoprotein, (+)β-hCG, (-)estriol, (+) inhibin A.

33
Q

Tinea versicolor
Caused by ________ spp. (_________ spp.), a ______-like fungus (_____ a dermatophyte despitebeing called tinea). _________ of lipids produces _______ that damage melanocytes and cause _________ G and/or pink patches.

A

Tinea versicolor
Caused by Malassezia spp. (Pityrosporum spp.), a yeast-like fungus (not a dermatophyte despitebeing called tinea). Degradation of lipids produces acids that damage melanocytes and cause hypopigmented G and/or pink patches.

34
Q

Tinea ______

Can occur any time of year but common in ______ (hot, humid weather). “_______ and meatballs” appearance on _______ H.
Treatment: topical and/or oral _______ medications, ________ ______.

A

Can occur any time of year but common in summer (hot, humid weather). “Spaghetti and meatballs” appearance on microscopy H.
Treatment: topical and/or oral antifungal medications, selenium sulfide.

35
Q

Cutaneous mycoses
Tinea (__________)
_____ is the clinical name given to ________ (cutaneous ______) infections. Dermatophytes include ___________, ____________, and ___dermophyton. ________ septate hyphae visible on KOH preparation with ______ fungal stain A.

A

Cutaneous mycoses
Tinea (dermatophytes)
Tinea is the clinical name given to dermatophyte (cutaneous fungal) infections. Dermatophytes include Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton. Branching septate hyphae visible on KOH preparation with blue fungal stain A.

36
Q 
Tinea (dermatophytes)
Tinea \_\_\_\_\_\_
Tinea \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Tinea cr\_\_\_\_
Tinea p\_\_\_\_\_\_
Tinea un\_\_\_\_\_\_

Tinea ______

A

Tinea (dermatophytes)
Tinea capitis
Tinea corporis
Tinea cruris Occurs in inguinal area
Tinea pedis Interdigital E ; most common
Tinea unguium Onychomycosis; occurs on nails.

Tinea versicolor

37
Q

Tinea corporis
Occurs on _______. Characterized by ________ scaling rings (“__________”) and _______ clearing C . Can be acquired from ______ with an infected _____ or ______.

A

Tinea corporis
Occurs on body. Characterized by erythematous scaling rings (“ringworm”) and central clearing C . Can be acquired from contact with an infected cat or dog.

38
Q

Systemic mycoses
All of the following can cause _________ and can ________!. All are caused by ________ fungi: cold (20°C) = _______; heat (___°C) = _____. The _____ exception is _____________, which is a _________ (not yeast) in tissue.
Treatment: __________ or ______conazole for ______ infection;
___________ __ for systemic infection.
Systemic mycoses can mimic ___ (granuloma formation), except, _____ TB, have ___ person-person __________.

A

Systemic mycoses
All of the following can cause pneumonia and can disseminate. All are caused by dimorphic fungi: cold (20°C) = mold; heat (37°C) = yeast. The only exception is coccidioidomycosis, which is a spherule (not yeast) in tissue.
Treatment: fluconazole or itraconazole for local infection;
amphotericin B for systemic infection.
Systemic mycoses can mimic TB (granuloma formation), except, unlike TB, have no person-person transmission.

39
Q

Systemic mycoses, are 4, which ?

A

Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
ParaCoccidioidomycosis

40
Q

Histo hides (within _________). Bird or batdroppings.

Is ? (Hint sys. mycosis)

A

Histo hides (within macrophages). Bird or batdroppings.

Histoplasmosis. , Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.
Causes pneumonia.
Macrophage filled with Histoplasma (smaller than RBC) A

41
Q

Which mycosis type :) ?

States east of Mississippi River and Central America.
Causes ________ lung disease and can ________ to _____ and _____. Forms _________ nodules.
Broad-base budding (______ size as __BC) B.

Blasto buds _roadly.

A

Blastomycosis

States east of Mississippi River and Central America.
Causes inflammatory lung disease and can disseminate to skin and bone.
Forms granulomatous nodules.
Broad-base budding (same size as RBC) B.

Blasto buds broadly.

42
Q

Para coccidioidomycosis _______ America.

_______ yeast with “captain’s wheel ” formation (much ____ than __BC)

Paracoccidio _____sails with the captain’s ______ all the way to ____ America.

A

Para coccidioidomycosis Latin America.

Budding yeast with “capt ain’s wheel ” formation (much larger than RBC)

Paracoccidio parasails with the capt ain’s wheelall the way to Latin America.

43
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

Southwestern United States, California.
Causes _________ and _______; can disseminate to _____ and ____. Case rate (+) after ______ (spores in ____ thrown into ____ Žinhaled
Žspherules in lung).
Spherule (much _____ than __BC) filled with ________.

A

Coccidioidomycosis

Southwestern United States, California. Causes pneumonia and meningitis; can disseminate to bone and skin.
Case rate (+) after earthquakes (spores in dust thrown into air Žinhaled
Žspherules in lung).
Spherule (much larger than RBC) filled with endospores

44
Q

Makrolide Resistenzen

i. Allg. _____ Resistenzentwicklung, Mechanismen:
1. ________ von Ribosomenproteinen ________ Bindung der Substanzen
2. aktive ______pumpen

A

i. Allg. rasche Resistenzentwicklung, Mechanismen:
1. Methylierung von Ribosomenproteinen hemmen Bindung der Substanzen
2. aktive Effluxpumpen

45
Q

There are four main types of incontinence:

____ incontinence due to an _____ bladder
Stress _______ due to ____ closure of the _____
Overflow incontinence by _______ of the _____
_______ incontinence due to ______ or health problems making it _______ to reach the ______

A

There are four main types of incontinence:

Urge incontinence due to an overactive bladder
Stress incontinence due to poor closure of the bladder
Overflow incontinence by blockage of the urethra
Functional incontinence due to medications or health problems making it difficult to reach the bathroom

46
Q

Stress incontinence, It is due to _________ strength of the ______of the bladder. it is the loss of _____ amounts of urine associated with ______, _______, exercising that increase ______-abdominal ____and thus increase pressure on the bladder.

A

Stress incontinence, It is due to insufficient strength of the closure of the bladder. it is the loss of small amounts of urine associated with coughing, laughing, exercising that increase intra-abdominal pressure and thus increase pressure on the bladder.

47
Q

The urethra is ______ by _____ of the ______ floor. If this support is _______, the urethra can move ________ at times of increased abdominal pressure, allowing urine to ____.
Men: rare. most common following __________.
In women, physical changes resulting from _______, childbirth, and _________often contribute to ______ incontinence.

A

The urethra is supported by fascia of the pelvic floor. If this support is insufficient, the urethra can move downward at times of increased abdominal pressure, allowing urine to pass.
Men: rare. most common following prostatectomy.
In women, physical changes resulting from pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause often contribute to stress incontinence.

48
Q

Treatment

_______ changes , _______ loss , ________, Incontinence ___, ______ stimulation

A

Treatment

Behavioral changes , Weight loss , Exercises , Incontinence pad , Electrical stimulation

49
Q

Dapsone
in combination with ________ for the treatment of _______.
It is used to both ___ and _____ Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and prevent ______ in people unable to tolerate _______ with______methoxazole.

A

Dapsone
in combination with rifampicin for the treatment of leprosy.
It is used to both treat and prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and prevent toxoplasmosis in people unable to tolerate trimethoprim with sulfamethoxazole.

50
Q

Dapsone
Severe side effects: most ______ side-effects of this drug are _______-related _______ (which may lead to ________ anemia) and _______________. Toxic ______ and cholestatic _______
As an antibacterial, dapsone ______ bacterial ________ of __________ acid

A

Dapsone
Severe side effects: most prominent side-effects of this drug are dose-related hemolysis (which may lead to hemolytic anemia) and methemoglobinemia. Toxic hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice.
As an antibacterial, dapsone inhibits bacterial synthesis of dihydrofolic acid

51
Q 
Ascaris \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (giant roundworm)
\_\_\_\_\_\_-oral; (nicht gewasch. Hande, lebensmittel, \_\_clean \_\_\_\_) eggs visible in feces under microscope  B

_____ infection with possible obstruction at ______ valve

Treatment: ______

A 
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
Fecal-oral; eggs visible in feces under microscope  B

Intestinal infection with possible obstruction at ileocecal valve

Treatment: Bendazoles

52
Q

urin analysis: RBC, urease positive ?

A

Proteus

53
Q

Polycycstic kidney disease, what is defect?

A

polycycstein protein is defect

54
Q

women with high androgen-level tumor, its orginate from?

A

Thecomas or theca cell tumors are benign ovarian neoplasms composed only of theca cells. typically estrogen-producing

55
Q
  1. medication similar to fluroquinolones , he wants how develop resistance ?
    a. by change in cell wall structure
    b. change enzyme affinity to drug
    c. protein synthesis action
A

b.change enzyme affinity to drug

Three mechanisms

  1. efflux pumps can act to decrease intracellular quinolone concentration.
  2. In Gram-negative bacteria, plasmid-mediated resistance genes produce proteins that can bind to DNA gyrase.
    3: mutations at key sites in DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV can decrease their binding affinity to quinolones, decreasing the drugs’ effectiveness.
56
Q
  1. patient had infective endocarditis after central line insertion what is the treatment ?
    a. pipercillin
    b. azithromycin
    c. sulfonamide
    d. ciprofloxacillin
A

a.pipercillin

central venous catheter (CVC), also known as central line

57
Q 
antibiotic drug on experiment blocks initiation
complex for translation, how ?
a. by amino acid binding to tRNA .
b. stop protein synthesis .
c. affect cell wall .
A

a. by amino acid binding to tRNA .

58
Q

HIV with splenomegally , microscopically sayingit filles macrophages ?

A

Histoplasmosis

Amam (11 decks)

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