PATHOMA Acute inflammation 10/30

Question 1

In acute what 2 presence in tissue?

Answer 1

edema and neutrophils

Question 2

Acute infl arises in response to?

Answer 2

Infection (to eliminate pathogen) or tissue necrosis (to clear necrotic debris)

Question 3

whats the point of acute infl in infection?

Answer 3

to eliminate pathogen

Question 4

whats the point of acute infl in tissue necrosis?

Answer 4

to clear necrotic debris

Question 5

response and specificity in acute?

Answer 5

IMMEDIATE response with LIMITED specificy

Question 6

type of immunity in acute?

Answer 6

innate immunity

Question 7

Mediators of acute infl? 5 groups

Answer 7

Toll like receptors (TLRs);
Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites;
Mast cells;
Complement;
Hageman factors.

Question 8

1. where are present TLRs?

Answer 8

present on cells on the innate immune system (eg. macrophages and dendritic cells)
and ALSO ON ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (eg lymphocytes).

Question 9

1. What does activate TLRs?

Answer 9

Activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are commonly shared by microbes

Question 10

1. example of PAMPs?

Answer 10

lipopolysacharide

Question 11

1. what is co-receptor for TLR4 on macrophages?

Answer 11

CD14

Question 12

1. PAMPs and TLRs interaction example?

Answer 12

CD14 on macrophages recognizes LPS (a PAMP) on the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria.

Question 13

1. TLR activation results in what?

Answer 13

upregulation of NF-kappaB.

Question 14

1. what does NF-kappaB?

Answer 14

its a nuclear transcription factor that activates immune response genes leading to production of multiple immune mediators.

Question 15

1. why TLR plays important role also in chronic inflammation?

Answer 15

TLR are present on ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (eg lymphocytes) cells and, hence, play important role in mediating chronic inflammation.

Question 16

2. Arachidonic acid (AA) is released from the ….?

Answer 16

phospholipid cell membrane by phospholipase A2.

Question 17

2. AA is released by?

Answer 17

Arachidonic acid (AA) is released from the phospholipid cell membrane by phospholipase A2.

Question 18

2. once AA is released from the phospholipid cell membrane by phospholipase A2, whats next?

Answer 18

acted upon by cyclooxygenase or 5-lipoxygenase

Question 19

2. If AA is acted upon by cyclooxygenase, what is produced?

Answer 19

prostaglandins (PG).

Question 20

2. What PG mediate vasodilation and incr. permeability?

Answer 20

PGI2, PGD2, PGE2

Question 21

2. what PG mediates pain and fever?

Answer 21

PGE2

Question 22

2. PGE2 does what?

Answer 22

mediate vasodilation and incr. permeability

mediates pain and fever

Question 23

2. What does PGI2, PGD2?

Answer 23

mediate vasodilation and incr. permeability

Question 24

2. If AA is acted upon by 5-lipoxygenase, what is produced?

Answer 24

leukotrienes (LT)

Question 25

2. What LT attracts and activates neutrophils?

Answer 25

LTB4

Question 26

2. What LT mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm and increased vascular permeability?

Answer 26

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Question 27

2. what are slow reacting substances for anaphylaxis?

Answer 27

LTC4, LTD4, LTE4

Question 28

2. what does LTB4?

Answer 28

attracts and activates neutrophils

Question 29

2. What does LTC4, LTD4, LTE4?

Answer 29

mediate vasoconstriction, bronchospasm and increased vascular permeability + they are slow reacting substances for anaphylaxis

Question 30

3. mast cells are distributed in what tissue?

Answer 30

connective tissue

Question 31

3. what activates mast cells?

Answer 31

1. Tissue trauma; 2. Complement proteins C3a and C5a or 3. cross-linking of cell-surface IgE by antigen

Question 32

3. IMMEDIATE response of mast cell once they are activated?

Answer 32

release of preformed histamine granules, which mediate VASODILATION of arterioles and increased vascular permeability

Question 33

3. release of preformed histamine granules from mast cells results in?

Answer 33

release of preformed histamine granules, which mediate vasodilation of arterioles and increased vascular permeability

Question 34

3. DELAYED response of mast cell involves what?

Answer 34

production of arachidonic acid metabolites, particularly leukotrienes.

Question 35

4. What is complement?

Answer 35

proinflammatory serum proteins that ,,complement" inflammation

Question 36

4. Complement proteins circulate in what form?

Answer 36

inactive precursors

Question 37

4. What activates complement? classical pathway

Answer 37

C1 binds IgG or IgM that bound to antigen

Question 38

4. What activates complement? alternative pathway

Answer 38

microbial products directly activate complement

Question 39

4. What activates complement? mannose-binding lectin (MBL) pathway

Answer 39

MBL binds to mannose on m/os and activates complement

Question 40

4. All complement cascade pathways result in production of what?

Answer 40

C3 convertase

Question 41

4. What mediates C3 convertase?

Answer 41

C3 to C3a and C3b

Question 42

4. Due to activity of convertase eventually is produced what?

Answer 42

C5 convertase (C5 --> C5a and C5b)

Question 43

4. What does C5b?

Answer 43

C5b complexes with C6-C9 to form MAC

Question 44

4. What are anaphylatoxins?

Answer 44

C3a and C5a

Question 45

4. What does anaphylatoxins?

Answer 45

trigger mast cell degranulation, resulting in histamine-mediated vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.

Question 46

4. What other function has C5a?

Answer 46

chemotactic for neutrophils

Question 47

4. what does C3b?

Answer 47

opsonin for phagocytosis

Question 48

4. What does MAC?

Answer 48

lyses microbes by creating a hole in the cell membrane

Question 49

5. What is Hageman factor?

Answer 49

Factor XII

Question 50

5. How is caller factor XII?

Answer 50

Hageman factor

Question 51

5. where is produced Hageman factor (factor XII)?

Answer 51

is inactive proinflammatory protein produced in liver

Question 52

5. when is activated factor XII?

Answer 52

activated upon exposure to subendothelial or tissue collagen.

Question 53

5. activated factor XII leads to activation of what?

Answer 53

1. Coagulation and fibrinolytic systems; 2. Complement; 3. Kinin system

Question 54

5. what does Kinin system?

Answer 54

Kinin cleaves high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) to bradykinin, which mediates vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (similar to histamine), as well as pain.