Pathoma 3:Carcinogens Flashcards
Aflatoxins
Hepatocellular carcinoma.
Derived from Aspergillus in stored grains.
EtOH
Squamous cell of oropharynx and upper esophagus, pancreatic carcinoma, and HCC
Arsenic
Cigarette smoke
Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, angiosarcoma of liver
Asbestos
Lung carcinoma and mesothelioma
Cigarette Smoke.
Polycyclic hydrocarbons are most important carcinogen.
Squamous cell of oropharynx, esophagus, lung, kidney, and bladder cancer.
Nitrosamines
Stomach carcinoma.
Found in smoked foods. High rate of stomach carcinoma in Japanese.
Naphthylamine (in cigarette smoke)
Urothelial carcinoma of bladder.
What are the two types of stomach cancer?
1) Intestinal type (smoked foods).
2) Diffuse type
Vinyl chloride
Angiosarcoma of liver. Occupational (pipe PVC makers).
Nickel, chromium, beryllium, or silica
Lung carcinoma.
Occupational exposure.
EBV cancers
1) Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (presents as neck mass in chinese male),
2) Burkett lymphoma,
3) CNS lymphoma in AIDS.
HHV-8
Kaposi sarcoma
Treat virus in HAART
HBV and HCV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
HTLV-1
Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
High risk HPV
Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, anus, and cervix; adenocarcinoma of cervix
What are the high risk HPV strains
16, 18, 31, 33
Ionizing Radiation
AML, CML, and papillary carcinoma of thyroid.
Nonionizing (UVB)
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Forms pyrimidine ini DNA which are normally excised by restriction endonuclease.
How does Ionizing radiation cause cancer?
Generates OH free radicals. Water gets hit and generates this shit.
Keratin IHC
Epithelial cells
Vimentin IHC
Mesenchymal cells
Desmin IHC
Muscle cells
GFAP IHC
Neuroglia
Neurofilament IHC
Neurons
PSA iHC
prostatic epithelium
Chromogranin IHC
neuroendocrine cells (Small cell Lung and Carcinoid)
S-100
Melanoma (and other neural crest), Schwannoma
