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Board Review > Pathoma > Flashcards

Pathoma Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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2
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

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3
Q

happen together in response to stress to increase organ size

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

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4
Q

example of physiologic hyperplasia with hypertrophy

A

pregnancy

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5
Q

permanent tissues that only undergo hypertrophy

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nerve

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6
Q

pathologic precursor to dysplasia

A

hyperplasia

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7
Q

pathologic precursor to cancer

A

dysplasia

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8
Q

only hyperplasia that shows no increased risk of cancer

A

Bph

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9
Q

decrease in stress yields a decrease in organ size

A

atrophy

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10
Q

to pathways to atrophy

A

apoptosis and ubiquitin-proteosome degradation

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11
Q

degradation of intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton. tagged with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteosomes

A

ubiquitine -proteosome pathway

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12
Q

autophagy of cell components to produce vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes for breakdown.

A

ubiquitine-proteosome pathway

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13
Q

organ stress leads to change in cell type

A

metaplasia

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14
Q

urothelial

A

transitional epithelium

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15
Q

example of metaplasia, non-keratinizing squamous epithelium to non-ciliated mucin producing columnar cells

A

barrett’s esophagus

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16
Q

reversible tissue changes

A

metaplasia and dysplasia

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17
Q

irreversible tissue changes

A

carcinoma

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18
Q

may progress to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

A

Barrett’s

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19
Q

only metaplasia that will not progress to cancer

A

apocrine metaplasia of the breast

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20
Q

metaplasia as a result of vitamine A deficiency. squamous lining of conjunctiva to strat keratinizing squamous epithelium

A

keratomalacia

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21
Q

muscle tissue changes to bone in healing from traumatic injury

A

myositis ossificans - Mesenchymal (connective tissues) undergoing metaplasia

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22
Q

dissordered cell growth

A

dysplasia

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23
Q

CIN - dysplastic precursor to cervical cancer

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

24
Q

unilateral renal agenesis is an example of…

A

aplasia - failure of cell production

25
Q

streak ovary in turner is an example of…

A

hypoplasia - decreased cell production

26
Q

Morphologic hallmark of cell death

A

loss of nucleus

27
Q

nucleus being shrunk down to a small ink dot

A

pyknosis - first stage of nuclear loss

28
Q

nucleus fragmenting

A

karyorhexis - second stage of nuclear loss

29
Q

digestion of nucleus fragments

A

karyolysis - third stage of nuclear loss

30
Q

death of a lg group of cells followed by acute inflammation

A

necrosis

31
Q

necrotic tissue that remains firm with original structure , but lacks nuclei, often to infarct

A

coagulative necrosis

32
Q

necrosis from infarct to the brain

A

liquefactive necrosis

33
Q

area of necrosis is wedge shaped and pale

A

infarct coagulative necrosis

34
Q

red infarction

A

blood reenters the tissue and the tissue is loosely organized

35
Q

classic example of red infarction

A

testicular torsion

36
Q

necrosis from enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins

A

liquefactive necrosis

37
Q

three manifestations of liquefactive necrosis

A

brain infarction, abscess, pancreatitis

38
Q

why is brain infarction liquefactive?

A

microglial cells contain hydrolytic enzymes that destroy the tissue after they die.

39
Q

walled off liquefactive necrosis cause

A

abscess - enzymes of the neutrophils

40
Q

premature activation of enzymes that results in liquefactive necrosis

A

pancreatitis

41
Q

coagulative necrosis of lower limb and GI that resembles mummified tissue.

A

dry gangrenous necrosis

42
Q

superimposed infection of mummified tissue

A

wet gangrene

43
Q

atherosclerosis of the popliteal artery common cause of gangrene in these pts

A

diabetic

44
Q

soft friable necrotic tissue

A

caseous necrosis

45
Q

necrosis with Ca2+ deposition

A

fat necrosis - chalky white appearance

46
Q

traumatic or lipase release of fatty acids bind calcium

A

suponification - white deposits in fat

47
Q

causes both liquefactive necrosis and fat necrosis

A

pancreatitis

48
Q

primary causes of fat necrosis

A

trauma (breast), and pancreatitis

49
Q

another cause of Ca deposition in breast tissue

A

ductal carcinoma in situ

50
Q

Ca deposition when serum Ca normal, serum phos normal, psammoma bodies, dying cells.

A

dystrophic calcification

51
Q

calcification of tissues associated with high serum Ca or PO4 levels

A

metastatic calcification

52
Q

fibrinoid necrosis in seen in two pathologic processes

A

malignant HTN (preeclampsia) and vasculitis

53
Q

necrotic damage to vessel walls results in protein leakage into wall and pink staining

A

fibrinoid necrosis

54
Q

differentiate malignant from benign HTN

A

acute organ damage, fibrinoid necrosis of placental capillaries

55
Q

energy dependent cell death

A

apoptosis

56
Q

examples of apoptosis

A

endometrial shedding

Board Review (16 decks)

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