Pathoma Flashcards
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
hyperplasia
increase in cell number
happen together in response to stress to increase organ size
hypertrophy and hyperplasia
example of physiologic hyperplasia with hypertrophy
pregnancy
permanent tissues that only undergo hypertrophy
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nerve
pathologic precursor to dysplasia
hyperplasia
pathologic precursor to cancer
dysplasia
only hyperplasia that shows no increased risk of cancer
Bph
decrease in stress yields a decrease in organ size
atrophy
to pathways to atrophy
apoptosis and ubiquitin-proteosome degradation
degradation of intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton. tagged with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteosomes
ubiquitine -proteosome pathway
autophagy of cell components to produce vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes for breakdown.
ubiquitine-proteosome pathway
organ stress leads to change in cell type
metaplasia
urothelial
transitional epithelium
example of metaplasia, non-keratinizing squamous epithelium to non-ciliated mucin producing columnar cells
barrett’s esophagus
reversible tissue changes
metaplasia and dysplasia
irreversible tissue changes
carcinoma
may progress to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
Barrett’s
only metaplasia that will not progress to cancer
apocrine metaplasia of the breast
metaplasia as a result of vitamine A deficiency. squamous lining of conjunctiva to strat keratinizing squamous epithelium
keratomalacia
muscle tissue changes to bone in healing from traumatic injury
myositis ossificans - Mesenchymal (connective tissues) undergoing metaplasia
dissordered cell growth
dysplasia
CIN - dysplastic precursor to cervical cancer
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
unilateral renal agenesis is an example of…
aplasia - failure of cell production
streak ovary in turner is an example of…
hypoplasia - decreased cell production
Morphologic hallmark of cell death
loss of nucleus
nucleus being shrunk down to a small ink dot
pyknosis - first stage of nuclear loss
nucleus fragmenting
karyorhexis - second stage of nuclear loss
digestion of nucleus fragments
karyolysis - third stage of nuclear loss
death of a lg group of cells followed by acute inflammation
necrosis
necrotic tissue that remains firm with original structure , but lacks nuclei, often to infarct
coagulative necrosis
necrosis from infarct to the brain
liquefactive necrosis
area of necrosis is wedge shaped and pale
infarct coagulative necrosis
red infarction
blood reenters the tissue and the tissue is loosely organized
classic example of red infarction
testicular torsion
necrosis from enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins
liquefactive necrosis
three manifestations of liquefactive necrosis
brain infarction, abscess, pancreatitis
why is brain infarction liquefactive?
microglial cells contain hydrolytic enzymes that destroy the tissue after they die.
walled off liquefactive necrosis cause
abscess - enzymes of the neutrophils
premature activation of enzymes that results in liquefactive necrosis
pancreatitis
coagulative necrosis of lower limb and GI that resembles mummified tissue.
dry gangrenous necrosis
superimposed infection of mummified tissue
wet gangrene
atherosclerosis of the popliteal artery common cause of gangrene in these pts
diabetic
soft friable necrotic tissue
caseous necrosis
necrosis with Ca2+ deposition
fat necrosis - chalky white appearance
traumatic or lipase release of fatty acids bind calcium
suponification - white deposits in fat
causes both liquefactive necrosis and fat necrosis
pancreatitis
primary causes of fat necrosis
trauma (breast), and pancreatitis
another cause of Ca deposition in breast tissue
ductal carcinoma in situ
Ca deposition when serum Ca normal, serum phos normal, psammoma bodies, dying cells.
dystrophic calcification
calcification of tissues associated with high serum Ca or PO4 levels
metastatic calcification
fibrinoid necrosis in seen in two pathologic processes
malignant HTN (preeclampsia) and vasculitis
necrotic damage to vessel walls results in protein leakage into wall and pink staining
fibrinoid necrosis
differentiate malignant from benign HTN
acute organ damage, fibrinoid necrosis of placental capillaries
energy dependent cell death
apoptosis
examples of apoptosis
endometrial shedding
